https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usApril 12 During his prolonged struggle against the oppressive Mughals, Hindu and Muslim nobility abandoned Banda Singh Bahadur. Banda Bahadur was one of the most notable people in the history of mediaeval India. From the very beginning, he campaigned against the Mughal empire and the intermediary zamindars. Banda Singh Bahadur and his base of support belonged to several social groupings. His army consisted of Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim fighters. Particularly sympathetic to his cause were peasants, who joined the Khalsa. The analysis of news reports of that time confirms that zamindars outside of Punjab did not collaborate with Banda, despite their own conflicts with the Mughal authorities in their own provinces. Banda Bahadur primarily led the uprising of the Bari doob Jat zamindars. In the sixth decade of the seventeenth century, the Jats displaced the Khatris as leaders of the Sikh religion. As a consequence of economic distress and harsh policies by local officials, the Jats allied with Banda to overthrow the Mughal authority. Jahandar Shah and Farrukh Siyar appointed a number of Khatris, including Suba Chand, Rattan Chand, Mohakam Singh, Bakht Mal, and others, to significant positions in the imperial services. Several other groups also help Banda in his cause like Banjaras (a class of grain merchants), even though they were besieged in a fort, the Banjaras sought to keep Banda Bahadur's troops supplied with food. Several Hindu Faquirs, Yogis, Sanyasis, and Bairagis supported Banda's cause vigorously. https://ijels.com/detail/the-rise-and-fall-of-banda-singh-bahadur-an-analysis-of-his-support-base-and-political-mobilization/ Dr. Amit, Dr. Ruchi Vats https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-112202599-TheRise.pdf In the chronicles of Indian culture and literature, Draupadi transcends her status as a mere mythical figure; she stands as a formidable emblem of women's empowerment and unyielding social defiance. This research treatise delivers a penetrating comparative dissection of the psychological metamorphosis in Draupadi's character, commencing from Sage Byasa's primordial Mahabharata, traversing Sudramuni Sarala Das's Sarala Mahabharata, and culminating in Pratibha Ray's Yajnaseni. Where Byasa's Draupadi emerges as an indomitable "Agnismbhaba" (fire-born) warrior who brazenly confronts patriarchal dominion, Sarala Das weaves her essence into the earthy fabric of Odisha's soil, rustic existence, and profound human sensitivities, bestowing a starkly realistic incarnation. In contemporary times, Dr. Pratibha Ray, through her novel Yajnaseni, elevates Draupadi to an autonomous sovereign self, wielding a feminist lens to bring society's entrenched patriarchal ethos into critical scrutiny. Across epochs, Odia literature has masterfully channelled Draupadi's archetype to portray the intricate tapestry of women's existential struggle, their awakened claim to sovereignty, and the raw contours of societal realities with remarkable subtlety. https://ijels.com/detail/dr-pad-from-sanskrit-epic-to-modern-o-i-fiction-2/ Monalisa Barik, Pratikshya Priyadarshini Nath, Bikash Kumar Pal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-102202649-D.pdf This paper studies the works of Ruskin Bond. Many critics say he is only a children's writer. But his stories show deeper psychological and cultural meaning. They talk about identity, belonging, and social life. They also express the reader's emotion and memory. This article uses different research approaches. It combines thematic, linguistic, reader response, gender, and postcolonial views. The purpose is to create a unified critical understanding. Bond creates a literary world of nature and memory. Everyday relationship helps characters find emotional security. His stories reflect postcolonial experience in a quiet way. His plots are simple and not dramatic. He depends on feeling and familiarity. Meaning develops through reader participation and spatial experience. Nature, memory, and human connection together form identity and emotional belonging in his fiction. https://ijels.com/detail/nature-memory-and-identity-in-the-fiction-of-ruskin-bond-a-critical-synthesis-of-contemporary-scholarship/ Elsiddiq Babiker Mohammad, Dr. Isam Addin Mohammed Alhassan Ismaeel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-103202613-Nature.pdf This paper explores the themes of trauma and female suffering in The Palace of Illusions by Chitra Banerjee which re tells the story of The Mahabharata from Draupadi’s point. Unlike the traditional narrative that celebrates the male heroes of the epic, Banerjee’s novel highlight the emotional and psychological struggles of a woman who is caught between the battle of selfhood and patriarchal norms. This research examines Draupadi’s life long quest for identity, agency and dignity. There is a repetition of trauma in her life, the pattern can be seen in the various incidents of her life like, her birth from fire, her pre decided destiny, her forced marriage with the 5 brothers, her humiliation in the court, her 13-year exile and the death of her loved ones on the battlefield. The incident that took place in the court, where she was disrobed and humiliated in ways no women should be can be seen as a strong symbol of gendered violence and treatment of women as property within the patriarchal structures. At the end, Draupadi emerges not only as a mere victim who suffered in the hands of the patriarchy, rather she emerges as a questioning and resilient figure. She challenges authority along with calling out the injustice that was done to her. Draupadi channels her pain and converts it into her moral strength. The feminist reading of the paper, projects Draupadi as a complex woman who is shaped by desire, anger, love, guilt, and endurance. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-themes-of-trauma-and-female-suffering-in-the-palace-of-illusions-by-chitra-banerjee/ Swastika Banerjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-102202659-Banerjee.pdf Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun remains a watershed moment in American theater, yet critical discourse surrounding its protagonist, Walter Lee Younger, often reduces his trajectory to a simplistic moral triumph. This essay moves beyond such readings by applying Greimas’s actantial model to map the structural logic underpinning Walter Lee’s transformation. Rather than charting a conventional arc of improvement, his growth is a fundamental restructuring of his relationship to the object of desire. Initially positioned as a passive receiver of his deceased father’s legacy, Walter Lee becomes ensnared by a distorted object: wealth as a proxy for dignity. This deviation destabilizes the actantial structure, reconfiguring his family as opponents and his friend Willy Harris as a false helper. Only through the crucible of betrayal and the temptation of Lindner’s bribe does Walter Lee recognize that accepting white paternalism would foreclose not only his father’s dream but also his son’s future. His final refusal constitutes not capitulation but reclamation—a conscious repossession of dignity as the authentic object. By exposing the deep structural mechanics of Walter Lee’s awakening, this essay argues that Hansberry scripts a vision of Black masculinity rooted not in material acquisition but in subjective agency and generational honor, advancing an understanding of dramatic form as a vehicle for articulating minoritarian identity formation under systemic duress. https://ijels.com/detail/an-analysis-of-walter-lee-s-growth-trajectory-based-on-the-actantial-model/ Yuru Tong https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-102202657-AnAnalysis.pdf This paper adopts van Dijk's socio-critical discourse analytical framework to interrogate the theme of alienation in Lamming's novel In the Castle of my Skin.Although the theme of alienation has been widely disscussed in literary and postcolonial studies ,there remains a lack of integrated approaches combing alienation and sociocognitive analysis , therefore in the field of critical discourse analysis ,scholars like van Dijk and van Leeuwen have developed frameworks for exploring ideologies and representations of social actors ,similarly Harts has presented cognitive models that explores how discourse structures reflect and view underlying cognitive operations and in addition to that these models are widely applied tp media discourse and political speeches but still their application to literary texts are remained underexplored and little scholars efforts has been devoted to examing alienation from a socio cognitive perspectives .therefore this study seeks to fill this gap by adopting a sociocognitive analysis framework that combine three models :van Dijk(ideological square ),Harts (construal operations ),and van Leeuwen (social actors representations). By using both qualitative and quantitative assessments of carefully selected textual extracts, the research scrutinises the construction of alienation in terms of micro-level representation in social actors, cognitive level construal operations, and macro-level ideological configurations. The results show that Lamming employs exclusionary and assimilative linguistic strategies to represent ruptured social relations and personal isolation in the colonial context. Cognitive construals are used to make alienation a tangible reality by profiling and metaphorical framing while ideological polarisation advances an anti-colonial moral vindication by framing the colonial agents negatively and positively reinforcing Black communal resilience. Consequently, alienation becomes simultaneously a symptom of colonial oppression and an element of principal resistance in the construction of post-colonial identity. https://ijels.com/detail/socio-cognitive-representation-of-alienation-lamming-s-in-the-castle-of-my-skin/ Abbas Lutfi Hussein, Suha Walid Sadaq Hussein Alzahiry https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-103202617-Socio.pdf This paper explores Rituparno Ghosh’s staging of desire that challenges established norms through the lens of body politics, queer sensibilities and spatial aesthetics that evoke desired emotions in Unishe April (1994), Arekti Premer Golpo (2010) and Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish (2012). Drawing on Michel Foucault’s theory of biopower, Judith Butler’s idea of gender performativity and Henri Lefebvre’s concept of produced space, this paper explores an in-depth analysis of visual and textual colour schemes, stage designs and props across these three films. Whereas, Unishe April features intimate domestic interiors and maternal gestures that disrupt arbitrarily decided norms and Arekti Premer Golpo focuses on the trans identity in a medical gaze and dimly lit intangible spaces, Chitrangada turns the stage of theatre into a ritualized heterotopic gender fluid space. The study also digs into how recurrent themes such as gramophone, colourful textiles and quiet hallways do linger between the public and private spheres through the frame-by-frame interpretations of key moments. The study makes an assertion that Ghosh’s presentation of visual arts creates queer enclaves inside heteronormative environments by merging spatial techniques with performative acts. In conclusion, this study showcases how Ghosh’s avant-garde aesthetic interventions portray and impact the LGBT and queer identities. https://ijels.com/detail/the-politics-of-desire-body-space-and-queerness-in-rituparno-ghosh-s-cinematic-canvas/ Vishal Chakraborty https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-102202650-ThePolitics.pdf An autobiography focuses on individual life while being firmly located in social experiences. The socio-cultural realities of the time aptly find an expression in the autobiographies written by women. Based on memory, experience and identity, women narrators reproduce the cultural modes of self-narration. Autobiographies play a significant role in bringing out cultural criticism and social change; a change in which women find their individual identity. The feminine sensibility arising due to the depiction of these memories is remarkable, presenting Indian ethos, values, and cultural background. Rapid developments in the fields of science, technology, economics and urbanization have affected modern societies immensely, both positively and negatively. Portrayal of Indian tradition, heritage, conventions, customs and festivals form an integral part of the two autobiographies written by Nayantara Sahgal: Prison and Chocolate Cake and From Fear Set Free. This depiction becomes a symbol through which the reader comes to know about her pride in the Indian ethos and respect for Indian culture. The present paper tries to prob how Sahgal’s two remarkable autobiographies invoke posterities to feel dignity and delight in age old Indian ethos and how Sahgal commemorates Indian heritage. https://ijels.com/detail/evoking-ethos-through-life-writing-interpreting-nayantara-sahgal-s-life-narratives-prison-and-chocolate-cake-and-from-fear-set-free/ Sanjana Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-102202653-Evoking.pdf This essay analyzes J.G. Ballard's The Concrete Island using the framework of psychogeography and argues that the book demonstrates the intimate relationship between development of identity and urban geographical context. Robert Maitland is placed on an abandoned freeway island in the story, which transforms this neglected part of the city into a psychological landscape that actively alters his awareness. Maitland's entrapment reveals the hidden emotional geographies of the contemporary metropolis by revealing underlying currents of violence, neglect, alienation, and emotional detachment embedded in contemporary urban planning. Rather than being a passive environment, the island is a dynamic force that destroys Maitland's social identity and reconstructs him through physical isolation and environmental pressure. The book illustrates how space itself creates, disintegrates and reinvents identity through Maitland's slow adaptation to this environment. The Concrete Island is considered in this research as a significant psychogeographical work that investigates the psychological and emotional effects of modern urban existence. https://ijels.com/detail/mapping-the-mind-psychogeography-and-identity-formation-in-j-g-ballard-s-the-concrete-island/ Greeshma.U, Dr. Stishin K Paul https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-102202656-Mapping.pdf This paper analyses the interconnected themes of displacement and reinvention in Bharati Mukherjee's Desirable Daughters (2002) by highlighting how migration transforms identity across personal, cultural, and historical dimensions. This paper situates the novel within the broader context of diaspora studies, contending that Mukherjee reconceptualises displacement not solely as a state of loss, but as an active arena for self-creation. The narrative follows Tara Bhattacharjee's transition from a conventional, upper-caste Bengali upbringing in Calcutta to an unstable yet emancipating existence in the United States. This geographical shift undermines established norms of gender, marriage, and family, prompting Tara to scrutinise the myths that previously defined her sense of belonging. The paper argues that reinvention in the novel is neither smooth nor celebratory; instead, it manifests through fragmentation, memory, and a confrontation with both past and present. Mukherjee’s complex narrative structure intertwines ancestral histories with modern diasporic experiences, illustrating the ongoing negotiation of identity between cultural memory and personal agency. Through an examination of the tensions between tradition and autonomy, as well as homeland and hostland, the study illustrates how Desirable Daughters convey displacement as a continuous process of ethical and emotional reconstruction. The novel, therefore, posits reinvention as a means of survival and a form of creative self-assertion in a transnational context. https://ijels.com/detail/narratives-of-displacement-and-reinvention-in-bharati-mukherjee-s-desirable-daughters/ Anjila, Dr. Shashi Goyal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-1022026599-Narratives.pdf The fiction of Toni Morrison offers a powerful exploration of the lived experiences of African American women shaped by histories of slavery, racial discrimination and patriarchal oppression. While resistance in literature is often associated with overt political rebellion or collective activism, Morrison frequently presents more subtle, internalized forms of defiance that emerge in everyday life. This paper examines the theme of silent resistance in three of Morrison’s most significant novels, The Bluest Eye, Sula, and Beloved. Through characters such as Claudia MacTeer, Sula Peace, Nel Wright and Sethe, Morrison demonstrates how marginalized individuals resist dominant systems of power through psychological defiance, memory, and personal autonomy. These quiet acts of resistance may appear private or invisible, yet they challenge racialized beauty standards, patriarchal expectations and the historical trauma of slavery. By foregrounding these subtle forms of agency, Morrison redefines resistance as an ongoing struggle for dignity, identity and cultural survival. https://ijels.com/detail/silent-resistance-in-toni-morrison-s-the-bluest-eye-sula-and-beloved/ Aashima Kajal, Diksha Kajal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-10220265997-Silent.pdf This paper analyses Anuradha Roy’s The Folded Earth through the critical framework of environmental humanities, delineating a conceptual transition from anthropocentrism to ecological relationality. The novel, set in the fragile yet resilient landscape of the Himalayas, shows how human lives are connected to nonhuman nature, challenging the idea that nature is merely a backdrop to human drama. The study contends that by examining the protagonist Maya's emotional isolation, grief and her gradual adaptation to her environment, Roy redefines human subjectivity as relational rather than dominant. The mountains, forests, rivers and animals are not merely aesthetic phenomena; they are also active forces that shape memory, loss, healing and moral awareness. Using eco-critical ideas, the paper shows how the text breaks down binaries such as human/nature, culture/wilderness and control/vulnerability. Roy's story implies that humility, coexistence and awareness of ecological interdependence are necessary for survival and meaning. The Folded Earth depicts environmental fragility alongside individual trauma, articulating an alternative ecological consciousness that opposes exploitative modernity and emphasises care, reciprocity and responsibility. The novel enhances contemporary Indian eco-literature by promoting a relational ethics that connects human existence to the rhythms and constraints of the natural world. https://ijels.com/detail/from-anthropocentrism-to-ecological-relationality-in-anuradha-roy-s-the-folded-earth/ Annu Narwal, Dr. Krishna Chaudhary https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-10220265996-From.pdf Omprakash Valmiki's autobiography, Joothan, is a powerful narrative that exposes the deep scars of caste discrimination in Indian society. This article aims to unveil these scars by highlighting the theme of caste discrimination as portrayed in Joothan. This study argues that Joothan functions not only as a personal memoir but also as a socio-political testimony that challenges caste-based injustice and calls for social equality. https://ijels.com/detail/unveiling-caste-discrimination-in-omprakash-valmiki-s-joothan/ Shameema Tasneem. A, Dr. Vijayalakshmi. S https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-10320262-Unveiling.pdf Performance is the key factor of the play. In the magnum opus of performance, the Natyasastra, different aspects of the play are analyzed in detail. Natyasastra is a perfect example of the Indian indigenous knowledge system. Even though it deals with the fifth Veda, i.e., Natya, such a comprehensive analysis of performance cannot be seen anywhere else in the world. The structure of the play, stage, acting, and properties are explained in detail in this book.Each play can be performed in many ways and every performance is a text. Each performance interprets the text in its own way, and a director can raise the play to a higher realm and transcend the limitations of a text. Two approaches exist for a play text: textual and theatrical. Both approaches interpret the text in different ways. While the textual approach gives emphasis to the analysis of the play text, the theatrical approach emphasizes the technical elements of the play. These technical elements include acting, costume, makeup, and stage properties. The structure of the play is also very significant. Based on the structure of the play, the play text is divided into different divisions. Bharata classifies the Rasa into eight categories (Ashtarasa) and gives the corresponding Bhava that gives rise to the rasa. These are known as Sthayi Bhava or the pervading stable emotions. This book, Natyasastra, provides even minute observations on the ways of experiencing rasa, that is, the ways of enjoying a play. Natyasastra is a great contribution to the Indian indigenous knowledge system. This paper analyzes Natyasastra as an indigenous knowledge system and as a model for modern theatre performances. https://ijels.com/detail/n-tya-stra-an-indigenous-knowledge-system-and-a-model-for-modern-theatre-performances/ Dr Krishna Kumar R https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-102202654-AnIndigenous.pdf In the digital age, internet anchors have emerged as a new type of occupation, with their income scale continuously expanding. The tax collection and administration work are facing numerous dilemmas. The current tax laws do not clearly define the corresponding tax categories for new-type incomes such as tips and commissions. The involvement of platforms and brokerage companies creates complex legal relationships among multiple parties, making it difficult to fulfill withholding obligations. There is an information barrier between tax authorities and platforms, and the supervision work has been in a passive state for a long time. It is proposed that at the legislative level, the rights, responsibilities and tax-collection standards of all parties should be clarified. At the technical level, the platform data should be connected with the tax system to achieve real-time interaction of tax-related information and risk early-warning. The tax authorities should be promoted to transform from post-event supervision to in-process intervention, and the platforms should be required to strengthen compliance review responsibilities. Ultimately, a governance mechanism involving multiple parties and featuring long-term effectiveness should be established to maintain the tax order. https://ijels.com/detail/dilemmas-and-breakthroughs-in-the-collaborative-governance-of-taxation-for-internet-anchors-in-the-digital-age/ Cui Jiayan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-103202636-Dilemmas.pdf The intricate and often indefinable relationship between human beings and the natural world has received sustained critical attention under the theoretical framework of ecocriticism. This approach foregrounds not only human experiences but also the representation of the physical environment in literary texts, emphasizing their interdependence. In the twenty-first century, ecocritical discourse reflects an intensified global awareness of environmental crises, including climate change, global warming, and rising carbon emissions, all of which have accelerated ecological degradation. If such destructive trends remain unchecked, they pose a serious threat to the sustainability of modern civilization. Against this backdrop, Amitav Ghosh, recipient of the Jnanpith Award, presents in his novel The Hungry Tide a compelling narrative that interweaves human lives, ecological vulnerability, and climatic uncertainties in the fragile tidal landscape of the Sundarbans. The novel serves as a powerful literary exploration of environmental consciousness, portraying the complex dynamics between nature and marginalized communities inhabiting the deltaic region. This paper examines how human interventions, driven by ignorance, survival needs, and developmental pressures, contribute to ecological imbalance. It further analyzes whether nature and humanity are depicted as protectors or adversaries of one another, and reflects on the ethical responsibility of humankind in fostering ecological harmony, ensuring sustainable coexistence, and safeguarding the environment in the age of globalization. https://ijels.com/detail/investigating-the-human-nature-relationship-in-amitav-ghosh-s-the-hungry-tide/ Anil Kumar Singh, Dr. Afifa Bano https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-102202662-Investigating.pdf The historical roots of resource extractivism can be traced back to the colonial times when various European powers had ceaselessly plundered the human resources, predominantly in the form of slaves, and natural resources like minerals, gold, diamond, ivory, and wood mainly from the African and Asian countries, and brought them to their native lands in order to accelerate the growth of the Industrial Revolution. Extractivism, as defined by Naomi Klein in the book This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate (2014), connotes “a nonreciprocal, dominance-based relationship with the earth, one purely of taking” (Klein, 2014, p.168). She, further, adds that extractivism is “directly connected to the notion of sacrifice zones- places that, to their extractors, somehow don’t count and therefore can be poisoned, drained, or otherwise destroyed” (Klein, 2014, p.169). However, the couple of terms – “resource extractivism” and “resource curse” are closely linked, and the latter can be unequivocally called an inevitable byproduct of the former. The term “resource curse”, as theorized by Richard M. Auty in his highly acclaimed work, Sustaining Development in Mineral Economics: The Resource Curse Thesis (1993), refers to the “problem of plenty”/ “paradox of plenty”, which foregrounds that “the countries that are rich in natural resources, and whose economy is based primarily on extracting and exporting those resources, find it more difficult to develop” (Lang et al.,2013, p.61). However, in my research paper, I shall closely examine the renowned Malayalam journalist cum writer Hari Kurissery’s novel Manalazham (2015), translated into English by Santosh Alex in 2021 as Sandy Depth, through the theoretical framework of resource extractivism and “resource curse”, as they largely fit into the context of the unbridled and illegal sand excavation from agricultural fields, the thoughtless destruction of hills in the name of road construction, and the ever increasing level of air pollution owing to open brick kilns in the imaginary village called Mannida located in the present-day state of Kerala, as depicted in the novel. https://ijels.com/detail/resource-extractivism-resource-curse-and-mining-catastrophe-in-hari-kurissery-s-manalazham/ Suniti Maiti https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-103202628-Resource.pdf This article reviews the application of foreignization in literary translation, explores the evolution, similarities and differences of foreignization views between the East and the West, and their implications for contemporary translators. This article summarizes the attitudes and contributions of various scholars in the history of China and the West towards foreignization, and compares the differences in the use of foreignization between China and the West. Through a review of the perspectives and applications of foreignization in both China and the West, this article reveals the important role of foreignization in conveying cultural differences and promoting cultural exchange, and provides theoretical guidance and methodological references for translators in literary translation practice. https://ijels.com/detail/a-review-of-the-application-of-foreignization-in-literary-translation/ Qingdian Zhao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-103202615-AReview.pdf This study revisits the question of race in Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and challenges the long-standing view that the novel is inherently anti-racist. Racism is approached here as both personal prejudice and systemic discrimination rooted in perceived racial and ethnic differences, most often directed at marginalized groups. While some scholars regard racism as an innate human tendency, others understand it as socially produced and sustained by cultural and institutional forces. Although Huckleberry Finn is widely celebrated for its apparent critique of slavery and racial injustice, this study reconsiders such claims by asking whether Twain truly opposed slavery or simply represented its cruelty for narrative effect. It also questions whether his depiction of enslaved characters fully escapes racial bias and stereotyping. Drawing on Jacques Derrida’s concept of “double reading,” the analysis uncovers tensions and contradictions within the novel’s racial representations. Through content analysis and a descriptive-analytical approach, the study ultimately suggests that Twain’s portrayal of both enslaved people and slaveholders remains unresolved in its stance toward racial objectivity and resistance to bias. https://ijels.com/detail/representation-of-race-a-derridean-analysis-of-mark-twain-s-the-adventures-of-huckleberry-finn/ Ghulam Yahya Asghari, Abdul Jalil Kahdistani, Ali Akbar Zawuli https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-103202632-Representation.pdf This study aimed to assess the single-parenting in proficiency on the English language and its relationship to academic performance in the English subject among the Junior High School students at Mauricio V. Landingin Integrated School, Sirawai District, School Division of Zamboanga del Norte, during the school year 2025-2026. There were one hundred seventy-two (172) respondents involved. It utilized survey and descriptive-correlational research methods. Weighted mean, standard deviation, and Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient (Spearman rho) were the statistical tools used with JAMOVI as the statistical software. The level of single parenting in proficiency in the English language was moderate. The students’ academic performance was very satisfactory. The levels of single parenting in proficiency in the English language, and students’ academic performance were not significantly correlated. Based on the findings and conclusions, the author recommends that the (School Heads School, Principals , Head Teachers, and department heads) use the findings of the study as a basis for the provision of technical assistance to the teachers to further improve the delivery of instruction. The English teacher would also use the findings of the study in reflecting on their teaching practice for continuous improvement. Guidance Counsellors/Advocates would use the findings of this study as a basis for crafting a values formation intervention program to help single-parent learners. https://ijels.com/detail/single-parenting-in-proficiency-on-the-english-language-predictor-of-academic-performance/ Sitti Renna P. Pulalun, Leo C. Naparota https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-10320261-Single.pdf This qualitative study examines Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper through feminist criticism to explain how the text depicts female confinement and resistance under patriarchal systems. Using close textual analysis, the study focuses on three narrative elements: characters, setting, and symbolism. Findings reveal that confinement is enforced through John’s dual authority as husband and physician, which restricts the narrator’s mobility, voice, and writing, producing physical and psychological captivity. The nursery environment further materializes control through its isolating and infantilizing features, while the wallpaper functions as a central symbol of oppressive domestic ideology. At the same time, the narrator’s secret journal, her identification with the trapped woman in the wallpaper, and her final tearing of the pattern demonstrate resistance as a gradual but disruptive assertion of agency. Overall, the study concludes that the narrator’s breakdown emerges from denied autonomy, yet her acts of defiance expose the persistence of female resistance within restrictive social structures. This study recommends exploring gender with class and mental health discourse, comparing historical confinement with modern gendered controls, and examining domestic space as discipline. https://ijels.com/detail/female-confinement-and-resistance-in-charlotte-perkin-gilman-s-the-yellow-wallpaper/ Dionah Mae B. Comillas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-103202616-Female.pdf This paper examines the role of the conditional morpheme enkil in the Malayalam quantifier aar-enkil-um, arguing that enkil functions as a covert subtrigging trigger analogous to the subjunctive mood in Catalan as described by Dayal (2009). Building on the observation that English any is acceptable with necessity modals only when subtrigged by a post-nominal phrasal modifier, we show that aar-enkil-um is grammatical in non-overtly-subtrigged necessity modal contexts because enkil itself provides the subtrigging effect. This enkil-induced subtrigging is, however, strictly modal-specific: unlike overt subtrigging, which rescues aar-um in episodic contexts, the conditional enkil does not produce a subtrigging effect in episodic sentences, and aar-enkil-um remains ungrammatical in episodic contexts even with overt post-nominal modification. This modal-specificity reveals a previously undescribed constraint on covert subtrigging and has implications for the theory of free choice indefinites cross-linguistically. https://ijels.com/detail/the-conditional-enkil-as-a-subtrigging-trigger-evidence-from-malayalam/ Ponnu Liz Malieckal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-103202620-TheConditional.pdf David Henry Hwang’s play M. Butterfly portrays the characters of Agnes and Song Liling as opposing forces that reveal the complex intersections of gender, race, and colonial power. This paper examines the contrasting roles of Agnes and Song as representations of the "real woman" and the "ideal woman", respectively. The paper also explores how their relationships with Gallimard expose the fragility of his colonial fantasies. Gallimard’s obsession with Song is rooted in his Western stereotypical view of the East as submissive, exotic, and idealized. Agnes represents the grounded reality that does not fit in such constructed fantasies. This challenges the larger colonial myth of power and dominance and emphasizes how Gallimard's illusions fall apart. By focusing on Agnes and Song as contrasting forces, this paper argues how Hwang deconstructs the racial and gendered stereotypes often projected in arts and literature, which later define cultural identities, revealing the realities hidden beneath the fantasies of colonialism. Through this lens, M. Butterfly offers a critique of the politics of gender and race in Western perceptions of the East. https://ijels.com/detail/colonial-conceptions-of-femininity-analyzing-agnes-and-song-in-david-henry-hwang-s-m-butterfly/ Leena Saravata, Dr. Bhumika Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-10320269-Colonial.pdf This paper reads M. T. Vasudevan Nair’s Randamoozham as a sustained act of demythologization centered on the character of Bhima. Moving away from the canonical Mahabharata, where Bhima appears as a figure of exaggerated strength and secondary prominence, Nair reconstructs him as a reflective, wounded, and historically situated consciousness. The study argues that the novel reconfigures the epic through a dialectical strategy: while retaining the broad civilizational frame of the Purana, it subjects the supernatural plot, divine births, avataric interventions, demonization of the “other,” and celestial closure, to rational reinterpretation. Through close textual analysis, the paper demonstrates how Bhima’s corporeality replaces mythic excess with physical labour and endurance; how his masculinity is rendered structurally subordinate within fraternal and political hierarchies; and how caste and gender ideologies shape his perception of figures such as Hidimbi, Ghatotkacha, Kunti and Draupadi. Rather than desacralizing the epic, Randamoozham restores to it psychological density and ethical ambiguity by granting voice to a figure long instrumentalized within epic memory. In doing so, Nair reclaims Bhima not as caricature of brute force, but as the epic’s most compelling witness to the burdens of power, hierarchy, and mortality. https://ijels.com/detail/epic-under-erasure-demythologizing-bhima-in-randamoozham/ Dr. Sonia Sebastian, Lt Anu Jose https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-103202611-Epicunder.pdf The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various sectors, with education emerging as a significant beneficiary. Since the introduction of ChatGPT, the potential and challenges of GAI application in education have been widely discussed (Feng et al., 2023). This literature review explores the integration of AI in English language teaching (ELT), focusing on its applications, benefits, challenges, and future directions. By synthesizing recent research, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how AI is transforming ELT, offering insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers. The review highlights the potential of AI to enhance teaching efficacy, personalize learning experiences, and address the diverse needs ofEnglish language learners. However, it also underscores the need for careful implementation to mitigate challenges such as technological dependence and data security. This paper concludes with recommendations for future research and practice, emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations and cross-cultural approaches in AI-driven ELT. https://ijels.com/detail/artificial-intelligence-in-elt-l/ Wang Lingxiao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-103202618-Artificial.pdf The diasporic Indian women's fiction is a critical reflection of the gendered fact in the diaspora as dictated by the migration, cultural memory, and social expectations. This paper will discuss how marriage and sisterhood have helped in shaping the diasporic identity in For Matrimonial Purposes by Kavita Daswani and in Sister of My Heart by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. Although Daswani introduces marriage as a culturally controlled organization that organizes the lives of women in immigrant communities, Divakaruni foreshadows sisterhood and emotional connections as other places of self-determination and strength. The paper utilizes the diaspora theory and feminist criticism in the argument that even though diasporic identity is formed by displacement, it is equally formed by emotional negotiation and relations. For Matrimonial Purposes shows the strains of cultural harmony and parental domination, and marriage is shown to be a place of constraint and a place of stealthy subversion. Contrary to that, Sister of My Heart stresses women's unity, which can help women to redefine identity outside the expectations imposed by society. Collectively, the novels show that marriage and sisterhood are parallel but opposing structures upon which diasporic women are building identity. The paper comes to a conclusion that modern Indian women's fiction is a reflection of the diasporic social realities that show the active participation of women in reconstructing identity in the culturally hybrid space. https://ijels.com/detail/between-matrimony-and-sisterhood-gendered-identity-formation-in-contemporary-indian-diasporic-women-s-fiction/ Nitika Wadhwa, Dr. Apoorva Hooda https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-10320267-Between.pdf Assam has a rich heritage of folktales. One such folk belief is that of the existence of Bak which although related to superstition, is part of Assamese folklore and social life. Benudhar Rajkhowa in his "Assamese Demonology" classifies the bak as a terrestrial aqueous spirit. This spirit, fond of eating fish, is believed to reside in pools and tanks, lakes which have grown old and are beginning to sink. Imran Hussain is a contemporary Assamese writer whose works embody Assam's socio-political and cultural scenario. One of Hussain’s stories, "Bak: The Water Spirit” revolves around a young boy Goroi’s search for his father. The story is based upon the mythical tale popular among the fishermen of the Kolong and Kopili rivers of Assam. This paper shall attempt to analyse how Imran Hussain has tried to retell the folk myth of Bak, the water spirit to portray certain contemporary concerns. https://ijels.com/detail/retelling-assamese-folk-myths-an-analysis-of-imran-hussain-s-short-story-bak-the-water-spirit/ Dr. Shyamolima Saikia https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-102202641-Retelling.pdf This article reads Louise Erdrich's Future Home of the Living God (2017) as a critical dystopia whose speculative premise a planetary evolutionary reversal that renders human reproduction precarious, functions not as a warning about an approaching future but as a defamiliarization of a present already shaped by colonial reproductive violence. Drawing on Darko Suvin's concept of the novum and Tom Moylan's account of the critical dystopia, the article argues that the novel's central formal innovation lies in the uneven distribution of cognitive estrangement across its characters: what registers as unprecedented catastrophe for the settler world is recognisable, even continuous, for Cedar Hawk Songmaker's Ojibwe birth community on the reservation. This asymmetry is read through Kyle Powys Whyte's argument that Indigenous peoples experience ecological crisis as a sequel to already-experienced colonial apocalypse and Patrick Wolfe's formulation of settler colonialism as a structure rather than an event. The article then examines the novel's state apparatus, the Stillwater Birthing Centre, its wall of photographed dead women, the sedation at the moment of birth as an instantiation of Foucauldian biopower and Achille Mbembe's necropolitics, situating the novel's reproductive violence within the documented history of IHS sterilisation campaigns and the analysis of reproductive coercion as a technology of colonial elimination developed by Andrea Smith and Dorothy Roberts. Finally, the article reads the two registers in which the novel sustains its utopian horizon: the reservation community's survivance practices, understood through Gerald Vizenor, and Cedar's journal itself, which performs survivance through the act of writing relationship across an unresolvable uncertainty. The article argues that the novel's refusal of narrative closure is a political argument about the limits of reassurance and the durability of testimony. https://ijels.com/detail/a-structure-not-an-event-colonial-continuity-biopower-and-the-critical-dystopia-in-louise-erdrich-s-future-home-of-the-living-god/ Greeshma Raj https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-103202623-AStructure.pdf Chu Yun Liu Fang, Vibes of Chu Culture, is not only a poetic expression but also an innovative practice dedicated to the international dissemination of Jingchu culture. This paper examines the national college student innovation training program of Yangtze University, Chu Yun Liu Fang: A Bilingual Practice in the Dissemination of Jingchu Cultural Relics and Creative Products, as its research subject. Drawing on the team’s concrete practices in cultural relic promotion, cultural and creative product development, and bilingual communication, it explores innovative pathways for local university student teams to participate in the international dissemination of Jingchu culture. The research reveals that emerging communication formats, such as bilingual short videos, live-streaming e-commerce, and social media operations, are providing viable practical platforms for university students to engage in cultural going global initiatives. Leveraging their strengths in translation studies, the project team has adopted a dual-wheel drive model of content creation plus e-commerce conversion, initially exploring a sustainable development path from cultural relic revitalization and creative transformation to bilingual communication and commercial feedback. This practice not only contributes youthful energy to the transformation of Jingchu culture from a regional heritage into a cultural resource that is communicable, experiential, and consumable, but also offers a replicable practical model for university innovation and entrepreneurship projects serving local cultural dissemination. https://ijels.com/detail/chu-yun-liu-fang-a-bilingual-practice-in-the-dissemination-of-jingchu-cultural-relics-and-creative-products/ Zou Liyuan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-10320264-ChuYun.pdf The global imperative for sustainable development has increasingly influenced educational discourse and prompted scholars and practitioners to examine how green technology (GT) can be harnessed to transform pedagogical practices. Higher educational institutions worldwide are being urged to align instructional innovation with environmental responsibility and long-term ecological sustainability. This systematic review investigates the integration of GT within English language teaching (ELT) in Saudi Arabia, with particular attention to prevailing conceptual frameworks, documented practical applications, persistent challenges, and emerging future directions. A systematic literature review (SLR) literature search has been conducted across five academic databases. It adheres to the guidelines of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA, 2020). This SLR reveals that GT integration in ELT offers dual pedagogical advantage: it simultaneously enhances learners' English language proficiency and cultivates ecological literacy. Practical applications include digital platforms, project-based learning with technology, augmented reality, and AI-driven personalisation have been found to enrich ELT whilst reducing its environmental footprint. The findings contribute to the emerging discourse on English language pedagogy for sustainable development and offer actionable recommendations for researchers, educators, and policymakers in sustainable language education. https://ijels.com/detail/green-technology-and-sustainable-english-language-pedagogy-in-saudi-arabia-trends-challenges-and-future-directions/ Mohammad Torikul Islam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-103202699-Green.pdf In recent years, research on the cross-cultural dissemination of Chinese porcelain has grown significantly both in China and abroad, producing an increasing number of scholarly contributions. Cultural Representation Theory, as an important analytical perspective, is frequently employed to reveal the processes of identity construction and ideological formation underlying material culture. By reviewing studies on the development of porcelain cognition in English-speaking countries, scholars can better understand how porcelain has continuously transformed its meanings through historical trade circulation, social representation, museum exhibitions, and media discourse. Such research also helps illuminate the mechanisms of cultural interaction and cognition embedded in these processes. Based on academic studies published between 2020 and 2025, this review finds that research in English-speaking countries has gradually shifted from traditional art-historical approaches toward issues of identity, power, and cultural imagination, emphasizing the symbolic role of porcelain in shaping the image of the “Orient.” In contrast, Chinese scholarship tends to focus on cross-cultural communication and the construction of national image, exploring strategies for international communication and the cultural value of porcelain. Overall, research in English-speaking countries demonstrates stronger theoretical and critical orientations, while Chinese scholarship shows a more practice-oriented focus. These two perspectives are therefore complementary in terms of both analytical frameworks and research methods. This study not only expands the application of cultural representation theory in the field of material culture studies but also provides practical insights for the international communication of Chinese cultural products and for China’s broader cultural outreach strategy. https://ijels.com/detail/a-review-of-studies-on-the-development-of-porcelain-cognition-in-english-speaking-countries-from-the-perspective-of-cultural-representation-theory/ Songcheng Tang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-103202643-AReview.pdf This research paper explores the evolving intersection between linguistics and literature, focusing on the linguistic analysis of prose and poetry. Linguistics, as a modern science, advanced significantly with Leonard Bloomfield’s Language (1933) and later with Noam Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures (1957), which introduced transformational-generative (TG) grammar. These theoretical developments have profoundly influenced applied linguistics, particularly in areas like language teaching and literary analysis. The intersection of these disciplines has led to both collaboration and debate; while some critics argue that scientific approaches may diminish the aesthetic essence of literature, others like Roman Jakobson, Nils Erik Enkvist and Archibald A. Hill advocate for the enriching potential of linguistic tools in literary studies. The distinction between objective linguistic analysis and subjective literary criticism is acknowledged, yet this paper posits that both perspectives offer complementary insights. TG grammar, in particular, has been successfully employed in examining literary texts by scholars such as Samuel Levin, James P. Thorne, and Richard Ohmann. This study includes analyses of Robert Frost’s poem The Road Not Taken and Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway, illustrating how linguistic frameworks reveal deeper layers of meaning. Ultimately, the paper argues that literature, being inherently linguistic, benefits significantly from systematic linguistic analysis. This interdisciplinary approach not only bridges theory and interpretation but also fosters new methodologies in literary research. Such integration enhances both pedagogical strategies and critical engagement with texts. https://ijels.com/detail/convergence-of-linguistics-and-literary-studies-analytical-perspectives-on-prose-and-poetry/ Dr. Bipin Bihari Dash https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-103202626-Convergence.pdf This paper looks at the change from humanism to posthumanism and asks a basic but important question: What does it mean to be human today? In literature and culture, this change shows that we can no longer think of human life as separate or complete on its own. Our lives are deeply connected with technology, nature, and other living beings. Traditional humanism focused on Renaissance ideas, motives, freedom, logic, and commitment. It a gives central position to human beings (anthropocentrism) for meaning. Humanism helped to save human worth and liberty, but it also inspired the faith that humans are more important than animals, nature, and the environment. Posthumanism crosses these limits. It focuses upon science, technology, feminism, and questions the faith that humans are the central point of everything. Humanism sees a fixed meaning of identity, but its opposite, posthumanism sees a changing meaning of identity and relationships. This new way of thinking inspired human beings to think about ethics, individuality, freedom, and power in a world that is influenced by technology and environmental problems. Posthumanism is more hopeful and helpful in connecting humans and nonhuman things. In the 21th century, we can say that humans and nonhuman things can live together in the future. https://ijels.com/detail/from-humanism-to-posthumanism-theoretical-shifts-in-literary-studies/ Ms. Sonpreet Kaur, Dr. Mahesh Arora https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-103202629-FromHumanism.pdf Literary representations of mental illness often challenge clinical definitions by focusing on the tension between individual distress and social regulation. Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar provides a powerful narrative of depression that resists being read as a simple psychological breakdown. Instead, it situates mental suffering within broader institutional and cultural frameworks. This paper examines Plath’s portrayal of madness not as a purely medical pathology, but as a crisis of meaning shaped by rigid social expectations and psychiatric authority. Drawing on existential psychology and the medical humanities, the study explores how Esther Greenwood’s depression emerges from an acute awareness of her limited choices rather than an inherent psychological defect. The novel’s depiction of psychiatric practices reveals how mental health systems often function as regulatory structures aimed at enforcing social conformity. Through a close reading of the fig tree metaphor and Esther’s experience with shock treatment, this paper highlights the limitations of clinical frameworks that isolate mental illness from its existential context. By framing madness as a response to structural pressures, Plath’s novel challenges the dominant biomedical narrative and views depression as a crisis of purpose. This paper argues that The Bell Jar positions literature as a critical space where psychological distress is examined beyond diagnostic categories. It concludes by emphasising the role of institutional power and narrative in shaping the lived experience of suffering. https://ijels.com/detail/cure-as-coercion-psychiatric-authority-and-the-politics-of-femininity-in-the-bell-jar/ Abhigya Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-103202619-Cureas.pdf The paper offers insight into the inner lives of female characters that underscores feminine sensibility. The diverse experiences of those characters serve as a canvas for the expression of feminine sensibility. It also examines the theme of motherhood, highlighting Jindan’s maternal instincts as well as concern for the kingdom. Despite belonging to a marginalized community, she seeks power and creates a heroic charisma that the British cannot ignore. Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni appropriately segregates four stages of Jindan’s life: Girl, Bride, Queen, and Rebel which earned her the title of ‘the last queen’. Women in history suffered a lot due to profuse complexities. The portrayal of female relationships authentically exemplifies the inherent bond of sisterhood, emphasizing the importance of women standing in solidarity. https://ijels.com/detail/feminine-sensibility-in-chitra-banerjee-divakaruni-s-the-last-queen/ Chahat https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-103202639-Feminine.pdf Doshi’s poems explore the climate and bodies of women who are subjected to analogous forms of violence, erosion, and silence. This research article argues that Tishani Doshi’s poetry challenges idealised images of nature and femininity, unveiling how women and the environment are abused under the hierarchy of patriarchy and capitalist structure in India. By applying the ecofeminist thought of Vandana Shiva, Val Plumwood, and Ariel Salleh, this paper presents that Doshi's treatment of nature is far more critical than mere sentimentalism. She understands the exploitation of nature to be structural and cyclical, rather than incidental. In this relation, the fortified language of Doshi’s poems is steeped with rhythm and imagery that protest the convergence of economic, gendered, and colonial violence exercised upon the land, and more significantly upon women. The positive side of this convergence, however, is that the language encapsulates layers of resistance: the memory of the oppressed and the solidarity and love of the women. Consequently, Doshi’s poems highlight that the reclamation of nature and gender justice is a simultaneous and inseparable process that requires a disintegration of the controlling logic that renders both women and nature disposable. https://ijels.com/detail/patriarchy-and-environmental-precarity-an-ecofeminist-study-of-tishani-doshi-s-poetry/ Dr. Md Nasir Hossain https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-103202648-Patriarchy.pdf This article conducts an interdisciplinary study and offers a corrective to previous scholarship that has routinely overlooked the role of visual narrative in “Rip Van Winkle”. Visual narrative skills -- such as the use of color and light, ekphrasis, comic strip via phrasing, two-dimensional variable focalization -- not only elaborate, specify, and extend the characterization of the protagonists, but also act as a microcosm of social transition in 19th century America. This paper argues that Irving portrays the anxiety over transition through visual narrative in the short story. https://ijels.com/detail/anxiety-over-transition-visual-narrative-in-rip-van-winkle/ Zhang Bingqi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-103202641-Anxiety.pdf This paper critically examines the historical evolution and present dynamics of English language education in India, emphasizing the need to integrate Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) into the curriculum to create a more balanced and inclusive educational framework. The objective is to address the historical and ongoing marginalization of indigenous languages and epistemologies, a consequence of colonial policies such as Macaulay’s Minute (1835) and Wood’s Despatch (1854), which established English as the dominant medium of instruction. While English has opened economic and academic opportunities, it has also contributed to the erosion of local cultures and linguistic diversity. The gap identified lies in the overemphasis on English as the sole marker of progress and success, often at the expense of India’s rich intellectual heritage. Using a qualitative methodology, the paper analyzes historical documents, educational policies like the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2000-2001 onwards), and existing curriculum models to explore how IKS—encompassing Ayurveda, Vedic mathematics, classical arts and indigenous ecological knowledge—can be meaningfully integrated into contemporary education. The paper proposes pragmatic strategies such as bilingual/multilingual education models and interdisciplinary integration of IKS into science, mathematics and environmental studies. The outcome envisioned is a curriculum that promotes national identity, cognitive diversity and cultural pride while ensuring global competitiveness. This approach fosters students’ connection to their roots and prepares them to thrive in a pluralistic and globalized world. The future relevance of this study lies in its advocacy for curriculum reforms that respect both the global utility of English and the foundational value of India’s indigenous knowledge traditions. https://ijels.com/detail/towards-an-inclusive-curriculum-english-education-and-the-integration-of-indian-knowledge-systems/ Karuna Singh, Niraj Raj, Pragati Prasad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-103202652-Towardsan.pdf Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Lowland tells the story of how the murder of Udayan during the Naxalite uprising-the one act of political violence-pulled the family into the psychological trauma world that shook the generations and the places. The book states that the political upheaval emotional stuff does not stay with the historical moment but it moves through silence, emotional detachment, and broken family bonds. This article claims the trauma rooted in the homeland is the main factor behind immigrant identity even after the physical relocation. It uses trauma theory to support its argument, for example, Cathy Caruth’s assertion that trauma is an experience that “returns belatedly” in new forms (4), and Marianne Hirsch’s idea of “postmemory” like the heritage of the later generations (5). The argument shows that in Lahiri's work, personal loss is set against a broader public history. Relying on qualitative textual analysis and diaspora studies, the paper finds that Gauri’s withdrawal, Subhash’s overcompensation in parenting, and Bela’s rebellious activism exemplify the emotional heritage passed down from one generation to another. The authors identify silence, exile, and emotional absence as the main instruments through which the trauma gets to be inherited. Results indicate that The Lowland serves as a literary reservoir of political memory, depicting the way violent incidents deeply ingrained in national history become recurrences in the diasporic family structures. By uncovering the mental side of the political break, Lahiri's novel, in effect, broadens our conception of how literature serves as a record, a medium, and a means of transmission for the collective trauma's legacy across the different times and spaces. https://ijels.com/detail/political-violence-and-family-legacy-trauma-transmission-in-jhumpa-lahiri-s-the-lowland/ Shiwani Phougat, Dr Manisha Luthra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-103202642-Political.pdf Globalization has intensified cultural exchanges, migrations, and transnational interactions, leading to the emergence of hybrid cultural identities. Literature provides a powerful medium through which the complexities of globalization can be examined. This article explores the process of cultural hybridization in Gun Island by Amitav Ghosh. The novel brings together folklore, migration narratives, ecological crises, and global capitalism, revealing how local traditions intersect with global forces. The study argues that cultural hybridization in the narrative emerges through the reinterpretation of myth, the movement of people across borders, and the interaction between indigenous knowledge and global modernity. The legend of the merchant Bonduki Sadagar functions as a cultural bridge linking the Sundarbans to global migration networks extending to Europe. By analyzing narrative structure, mythic symbolism, and character experiences, the article demonstrates how globalization transforms cultural identities while simultaneously preserving traditional cultural memory. The novel ultimately suggests that hybrid cultural formations are not merely consequences of globalization but also creative responses to ecological and social transformations in the contemporary world. https://ijels.com/detail/myth-migration-and-cultural-hybridity-in-a-globalized-world-reimagining-identity-in-amitav-ghosh-s-gun-island/ Tarif Sardar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-103202630-Myth.pdf World Wars have been occurred such a terrible incidents in the human history that led to a drastic change in the entire scenario of the world, whether it is social and political issues, intellectual standards, economic, religious, and mental concerns, and academic perspectives. After these milestone events, the focus of intellectuals was changed from imagination and innovative progress to existential despair. For the first time, People started to search the relevance and meaning of life instead of materialistic prosperity. The writers of this era were exploring the themes of despair, nostalgia, identity crisis, meaninglessness, alienation and existential subjects. On this foundation, the current paper will analyze the thematic presentation of post-war disillusionment and existential emptiness in the chosen short stories of Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway’s fiction portrays the psychological fragmentation and moral ambiguity of the post-war era, especially in the characters who represent alienation, loss of faith, and emotional numbness. Through the textual and thematic analysis, the research will investigate how narrative minimalism, symbolic topography, and muted dialogue are used as stylistic elements to represent inner emptiness and repressed trauma. Through an exploration of key stories such as “In Another Country,” “Hills Like White Elephants,” “Soldier’s Home,” and “The Killers,” the study examines how Hemingway portrays the fractured self, the rupture of traditional values, and the existential void that defines the post-war era and show how the aftermath of war alters the individual’s identity, interpersonal relations, literary trends and worldview. https://ijels.com/detail/post-war-disillusionment-and-human-void-in-earnest-hemingway-s-short-fiction-an-analysis/ Arti Devi Verma, Prof. Charu Mehrotra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-103202661-Post-War.pdf In The Secret History, Donna Tartt subverts the traditional mystery by revealing the killers in the opening pages. This paper explores the novel as a "whydunnit"—an inverted detective story where the true enigma is the psychological and moral decay of its characters. Centered on a group of elite classics students, the study examines how their obsession with Ancient Greek ideals and Dionysian rituals leads to a cold, Nietzschean rejection of conventional morality. Through the eyes of the unreliable narrator, Richard Papen, I argue that the murder of Bunny Corcoran is more than a cover-up; it is the tragic result of "aesthetic solipsism," where beauty is valued above human life. By integrating Freudian theory and the Aristotelian concept of hamartia, this analysis demonstrates how the pursuit of intellectual transcendence inevitably collapses into a haunting reality of guilt, paranoia, and self-destruction. https://ijels.com/detail/the-unraveling-of-moral-and-psychological-motivations-analyzing-the-secret-history/ Jessica Agnes. C https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-10320266-TheUnraveling.pdf This paper explores the complex relationship between memory, solitude, and the construction of female identity in Anita Desai’s novels Clear Light of Day and Fire on the Mountain. Focusing on the inner lives of women characters, the study examines how memory functions not merely as recollection but as a shaping force that defines identity, relationships, and emotional realities. In both novels, solitude emerges as a significant condition through which the female protagonists negotiate their sense of self, often reflecting both liberation and alienation. Through a close textual analysis, the paper highlights how Desai portrays women caught between past and present, struggling with personal trauma, familial obligations, and social expectations. The research further investigates how spaces of isolation—whether emotional or physical—become sites of introspection and self-realization. By situating these narratives within a broader feminist and psychological framework, the study argues that Desai redefines female identity as fluid, fragmented, and deeply influenced by memory and solitude. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates that Desai’s works challenge traditional representations of women by foregrounding their internal conflicts and emphasizing the nuanced processes of identity formation in modern Indian literature. https://ijels.com/detail/between-memory-and-solitude-female-identity-in-anita-desai-s-clear-light-of-day-and-fire-on-the-mountain/ Bappaditya Guha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-103202675-Between.pdf Actually, Khaled Hosseini’s ‘A Thousand Splendid Suns’ (2007) has frequently been read as a narrative of female suffering within war-torn Afghanistan. While such interpretations foreground the novel’s depiction of systemic oppression, they often understate the complexity of agency embedded in its narrative structure. This paper argues that Hosseini reconfigures female agency as a gradual, relational, and ethically grounded process rather than an overt act of resistance. Through a close reading of Mariam and Laila’s evolving relationship, the study demonstrates how domestic space becomes a contested site where power is both enforced and subverted. Drawing on postcolonial feminist thought, the analysis highlights how resilience operates not as passive endurance but as a form of narrative and moral agency. Ultimately, the novel challenges reductive representations of Afghan women by presenting resistance as embedded within care, sacrifice, and interdependence. https://ijels.com/detail/reframing-resilience-gendered-agency-and-narrative-ethics-in-khaled-hosseini-s-a-thousand-splendid-suns/ Dr. Sanjay https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-103202699-Reframing.pdf Southern Appalachia has experienced a severe ecological crisis as a result of long-term deforestation and resource extraction, and it offers a clear example of the “resource curse” in the history of Western modernity. Against this background, Appalachian environmental crisis fiction develops a distinctive way of writing about trees that reveals the interweaving of capitalist violence, ecological trauma, and the ethical problems of the Anthropocene. Focusing on Ron Rash’s Serena and Barbara Kingsolver’s Flight Behavior, this essay uses close reading to examine the multiple meanings attached to trees in these works and to show the warning force and ethical value of Appalachian environmental crisis fiction in an Anthropocene context. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-tree-writing-in-twenty-first-century-southern-appalachian-environmental-crisis-fiction/ Zhi Wei Bao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-103202677-AStudy.pdf The English literary canon has long been shaped by Eurocentric, patriarchal, and caste-blind frameworks that marginalize or erase the voices of women, colonized peoples, and oppressed communities. In the contemporary digital age, artificial intelligence and algorithmic recommendation systems risk reinforcing these exclusions by privileging dominant narratives and silencing alternative voices. This paper proposes a feminist-decolonial re-examination of English literature that interrogates canonical authority, algorithmic bias, and the politics of digital visibility. By juxtaposing canonical texts with counter-narratives from postcolonial, feminist, and Dalit traditions, and by critiquing the role of algorithms in shaping literary reception, this study argues that rewriting the canon in the age of AI is both a literary and political act. The paper concludes by envisioning a plural, inclusive, and ethically responsible future for literary study. https://ijels.com/detail/rewriting-the-canon-feminist-decolonial-readings-of-english-literature-in-the-age-of-ai-and-algorithms/ Alice Ancy F https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-103202646-Rewriting.pdf In the era of capitalocene, natural resources including water and waterscapes are to be used for profit based vision. Capitalism provides access to the resources to the rich of the resources while the marginalized sections of the society face scarcity and are forced to live in inhabitable environmental conditions. In the name of materialistic progress, capitalist activities fuel the degradation of the environment. This phenomena casts severe irrevocable impacts on nature, and on the lives of "ecosystem people" destroying their interrelationship with the non-human world (Gadgil & Guha, 1995, p. 3). The perception of exceptionalism and exemptionalism nourish the causes of exploitation of the non-human world, biodiversity, ecological balance, and segregation of humans from non-human. Akkineni Kutumbarao's Telugu novel Kolleti Jadalu translated into English by Vasanth Kannabiran as Softly Dies a Lake (2020) presents water contamination and passive death of the largest freshwater lake in India. This eco-memoir echoes the exploitative deeds of the greedy and the consequences of such anthropocentric conducts. This paper shall attempt to study multifarious engagement with water by employing theoretical perspectives from the field of Blue Humanities and Ecocriticism. This paper also intent to read capitalocene's slow violence with an emphasis on how the corporate culture disrupt the interrelationship between human and non-human in Kolleru, the village beside the lake, how the degradations, contamination of the lake affects marginalized communities and nature, and how the lake influences the identities of the people. https://ijels.com/detail/capitalocene-waterscape-and-human-questions-reading-akkineni-kutumbarao-s-softly-dies-a-lake/ Rejoan Ali https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-103202646-Capitalocene.pdf This paper explores the themes of trauma, motherhood, and self-narration as portrayed in Arundhati Roy's Mother Mary Comes to Me, a memoir that traces the author’s personal and emotional story and her connection with her mother, Mary Roy. The paper aims to show how trauma in the text is not described directly but is expressed through Roy’s silence to her mother’s aggression. This research also highlights self-narration, showing how Roy uses her personal memories and reflections to narrate her story in her own voice. To understand the generational trauma imposed on Mrs Roy and then Arundhati and her brother shaping their self- perception, identity and future actions, this research draws on Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory as discussed in Unclaimed Experience. This theoretical framework allows the study to analyse how unprocessed trauma is carried across time and generations. https://ijels.com/detail/trauma-motherhood-and-self-narration-in-arundhati-roy-s-mother-mary-comes-to-me/ Srishti Mitra, Manjari Johri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-10420262-Trauma.pdf In the evolutionary trajectory of Odia poetry, the post-1980 period is regarded as a significant turning point, which literary critics have designated as "post-modernism." One of the most powerful poetic voices of this era belongs to the poet Hrushikesh Mallik. In his poetry, the consciousness of love is not merely an emotion but a vehicle of cultural resistance and the re-evaluation of life itself. This research paper endeavours to analyse the multifaceted manifestations of love across the poet’s various collections, including Dhana Saunta Jhia, Dharmapatni, Rebati, and the Sahitya Akademi Award-winning Sarijaithiba Apera. From the poet’s perspective, love embodies an indigenous bond with the soil of the village, a feminist sensibility, and, above all, an eternal quest for humanity. The very core of this study lies in how, through the deployment of postmodernist poetic techniques such as Magic Realism and Montage, he has forged an intimate connection between love, the earth, and humankind. In Mallik’s verses, love transcends mere romantic reverie; it becomes a "sublimated experience" (sublimation) that moves from melancholy toward optimism. This comprehensive examination thus grounds the lover-identity of Hrushikesh Mallik’s poetic persona in a firm philosophical foundation. https://ijels.com/detail/love-in-post-1980s-o-i-poetry-hr-ke-a-mallik/ Balaram Lenka https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-103202645-Love.pdf This research paper examines the intricate relationship between sexuality and racism in Liliane. The novel presents a deeply psychological portrait of a Black woman navigating identity formation within a socio-cultural framework shaped by racial hierarchies and patriarchal control. Through fragmented narration, shifting consciousness, and complex interpersonal relationships, Shange foregrounds the lived experiences of Black women whose sexuality is mediated by race, class, and history. This paper argues that sexual relationships in Liliane operate as both sites of oppression and resistance. By closely analyzing Liliane’s relationships, familial background, and psychological struggles, this study highlights how Shange constructs a Black feminist discourse that critiques both systemic racism and gendered subjugation while affirming female agency. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-sexual-relationships-and-racism-in-liliane-by-ntozake-shange/ Sadhana Singh Yadav, M.K. Yadav, Arun Kumar Yadav https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-103202649-AStudy.pdf Sociological, historical, and anthropological studies have examined the distinctive kinship practice, the matrilineal system in Kerala, mainly from an upper-caste, Nayar-centric perspective. While diverse communities, including Thiyas, Muslims, Kurichiyas, and even the Brahmins in the Payyanur region of northern Malabar, historically followed a matrilineal system in Kerala, the kinship system was studied and understood mainly from an elite Nayar perspective. This paper, based on secondary sources, seeks to challenge the notion of an upper-caste-centric matrilineal kinship narrative by foregrounding the varied ways in which communities practiced and interpreted matriliny. Argues that the functioning and the reforms of the matrilineal kinship system were deeply shaped by caste positions, social context and economic roles. Moreover, the gendered experiences and women's position were not uniform across communities. Thus, this paper highlights that understanding of the matrilineal kinship system should be based on the plurality of social realities that constitute it. https://ijels.com/detail/matriliny-in-practice-rethinking-kinship-through-lived-realities/ Athira Sugathan, Dr Leela P.U. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-103202660-Matriliny.pdf Ecofeminism in the twenty-first century is emerging as a new discipline that has engaged scholars and activists to revisit and re-examine the relationship between humans and the natural world. It emerges as an interdisciplinary framework that links the oppression of women with the domination of nature. It argues that victimization of nature and women are similar to patriarchal, capitalist and colonialism structure by power. Emerging from the feminist and environmental movements, the theory challenges hierarchical systems and demands social justice. Therefore, the paper aims to analyze Geetanjali Shree’s work, Tomb of Sand, with an ecofeminist sensitivity. Her narratives intricately weave women’s experiences with broader socio-cultural and ecological concerns. While analyzing her work, the study engages with major ecofeminist theories, including the perspectives of Vandana Shiva. This paper draws the reader’s attention to Shree’s writing style that aligns with ecofeminist thought. The work questions how women and the environment become silent victims of capitalist and political ideology. It also interrogates the logic of domination that suppresses nature, women, and the environment. The study encourages readers to reconsider the power of belongingness and coexistence between ecology and human lives. The findings would also elaborate on gender discourse in reflection of the ecofeminist study. https://ijels.com/detail/ecological-feminist-study-of-geetanjali-shree-s-work-tomb-of-sand/ Anita Vethia https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-103202678-Ecological.pdf Dalit autobiography has become one of the most important modes of modern Indian life writing because it joins personal memory with collective history. This paper offers a thematic comparison of four major Dalit autobiographies: Omprakash Valmiki’s Joothan, Sharankumar Limbale’s The Outcaste, Aravind Malagatti’s Government Brahmana, and Bama’s Karukku. The study argues that these works transform autobiography into testimony, social critique, and resistance writing. Across linguistic and regional differences, the four texts repeatedly engage with caste oppression, untouchability, poverty, labor, humiliation, educational struggle, gendered marginalization, religious contradiction, fractured identity, and the search for dignity. At the same time, each text gives these themes a distinct shape: Joothan foregrounds everyday humiliation and material deprivation; The Outcaste intensifies identity crisis and psychological fracture; Government Brahmana highlights irony, institutional contradiction, and modern caste continuities; and Karukku brings a strong Dalit feminist and spiritual critique. The paper concludes that Dalit autobiography is not only a record of suffering but also a literary form of awakening, self-assertion, and ethical resistance. https://ijels.com/detail/thematic-comparison-in-select-dalit-autobiographies-a-comparative-study-of-joothan-the-outcaste-government-brahmana-and-karukku/ Pooja Patel, Dr. Mrinal Srivastava https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-103202659-Thematic.pdf Claire Messud’s novel The Woman Upstairs (2013) presents a distinct perspective on the post-9/11 era, focusing on the hidden social anxieties and strategic silences of Americans. While not explicitly political in a conventional sense, the novel is deeply imbued with the ethics and social tensions of the time. Through the narrative of Nora Eldridge, a teacher and artist the novel captures the era's socio-political upheaval through allusions to the terror attacks and the resulting policies of otherizing. Nora’s inner self-doubt mirrors the collective anxiety of a nation that lost its sense of invulnerability. It highlights a paradoxical shift where victims and oppressors, observers and the observed, constantly swap roles, mirroring a climate characterized by fragile trust. This raises uncomfortable questions about whether we can recognize the humanity of our worst enemy and meet our obligations to those who attack us. This paper argues that the novel acts as a unique, intimate archive of the post-9/11 America, portraying a furious American identity that brings to light a core ethical responsibility. https://ijels.com/detail/the-woman-upstairs-a-struggle-for-recognition-and-a-longing-for-invisibility/ Nibedita Patel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-103202650-TheWoman.pdf The global economy is changing at an incredibly fast pace due to the influence of technology, automation, artificial intelligence, and changing socio-economic trends which have increased the mismatch between the workforce needs and educational systems. The conventional models of education that were mostly created in the industrial age economy are becoming ineffective in the preparation of people toward complex, dynamic, and technology-intensive workplaces. The paper will look at the increasing global skills gap, the rising trend of short-term vocational training and micro-credentials, as opposed to long-term higher education, and the effects of these spheres on long-term workforce sustainability. The study, based on a qualitative synthesis of the world data, policy reports, and scholarly works, examines the new skills requirements, loss of engagement with the education-to-work systems among youth, and how educational technology and artificial intelligence can transform the learning systems. The results emphasize that the change in the curricula should focus on an approach based on the capabilities instead of the content to be taught with the incorporation of technical, cognitive, and socio-emotional skills with the aid of lifelong learning frameworks. This article makes the case that vocational and short-course pathways can add to overall employability in the short term but there should not be an unbalanced focus on them because it can create a lack of highly skilled professionals and decrease the ability to innovate in the future. It ends with a call to the balanced and integrated form of education that enhances vocational flexibility with academic depth, equity and access and emerges as a way to reinforce collaboration among governments, educational institutions and employers in creating a strong, inclusive and future-ready workforce in a fast-changing global economy. https://ijels.com/detail/redefining-education-and-skills-development-for-a-future-ready-workforce-in-a-rapidly-evolving-global-economy/ Minh Duy Khiem Nguyen, Ngoc Hien Nguyen, Anh TT Dang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-10420263-Redefining.pdf Henry David Thoreau, the 19th-century American transcendentalist writer, is renowned for his independent and free way of life, as well as his concise, accurate, and critical writing. His transcendentalist masterpiece, the essay collection Walden, contains a powerful spiritual belief that Thoreau left as an invaluable and immortal spiritual treasure for future generations. In this work, Thoreau meticulously records his experiences of passing seasons and encounters with every blade of grass and tree on the banks of Walden Pond, which contain many natural archetypal images. This paper intends to explore the cross-generational enlightenment of this work from a psychoanalytic perspective, grounded in Jung's archetype theory. It first unveils the spiritual emptiness and group confusion hidden beneath materialism, and then delves into two major natural archetypal images of “water” and “sun”, and their profound implications. Emotions linked to such archetypal experiences should be linked to positive feelings, such as purification, rebirth, enlightenment and hope. The conclusion of this paper is a summary of the redemptive significance of the work for people's empty souls, which aims to provide a new perspective for understanding the spiritual dilemmas of society. https://ijels.com/detail/natural-archetypes-in-henry-david-thoreau-s-walden/ Chenyue Ding https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-104202614-Natural.pdf This paper examines the symbiotic relationship between the Bonda tribe of Malkangiri and their ancestral ecology as portrayed in Pratibha Ray’s Adibhoomi. Situated within Postcolonial Ecocriticism, the study critiques the anthropocentric logic of industrial modernity that threatens one of Odisha’s most ancient indigenous communities. While Ecocriticism is a contemporary academic discipline, the Bonda worldview reflects a primordial ecological consciousness rooted in spiritual and cultural interdependence with the natural world. The paper introduces the concept of ontological displacement—a condition that extends beyond physical relocation to signify the erosion of a community’s cultural being and cosmology. Through Ray’s narrative, the commodification of sacred groves and ecological spaces is shown to destabilize indigenous identity at its core. By contrasting tribal ecological wisdom with extractive developmental paradigms, the study argues that genuine environmental justice demands a shift from resource exploitation toward a bio-centric model of coexistence. https://ijels.com/detail/ontological-displacement-and-environmental-justice-a-postcolonial-ecocritical-reading-of-pratibha-ray-s-adibhoomi/ Rajesh Kumar Maity https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/57IJELS-103202672-Ontological.pdf Ismat Chughtai’s Lihaaf (The Quilt, 1942) holds a radical place in the literary canon. Lihaaf explains beyond its description of hidden sexual desires to function as an essential linguistic and cultural text that challenges and undermines the patriarchal society and systems of its historical period while maintaining relevance for modern society. The work functions as a social artefact that showcases both the power of spoken language and the significance of silence. The combination of metaphors and social codes reveals the hidden desires and gender-based power structures present in Muslim upper-class families during the time of British rule in India. Chughtai’s deliberate choice of a child narrator, together with her use of silence codes from different cultures, enables readers to explore hidden material which transforms Lihaaf into a work that reveals and defines itself. The study examines how Chughtai's story reveals the limitations of acceptable speech that people considered acceptable, leading to a powerful yet concealed feminine desire in a society where language functions as both a weapon and a limiting force. https://ijels.com/detail/beneath-the-quilt-internal-drives-a-socio-cultural-deliberation-of-ismat-chughtai-s-lihaaf/ Dr. Parul Saxena, Dr. Shaloo Manocha, Prof. Ayesha Shiekh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/58IJELS-103202653-Beneath.pdf This text examines the contours of the life of the female protagonist in Burn’s Milkman, set in Northern Ireland in the 1970s and how this character’s life is heavily conditioned by community gossip in the manner in which it exerts influence and control over her life and the wider lived experience of the community in question. https://ijels.com/detail/stifled-sojourns-in-anna-burns-milkman-a-culture-of-coercion/ Mark J. R. Wakefield https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/59IJELS-103202673-Stifled.pdf This paper examines Ghosts by Henrik Ibsen as a modern tragedy that redefines, rather than fails to attain, the classical tragic form. The objective of the paper is to engage critically with George Steiner’s claim, in his work The Death of Tragedy, that tragedy becomes impossible in a world of reason and secularism. Following Raymond Williams’ counterarguments on evolving notions of tragedy, the paper argues that Ibsen constructs a new tragic paradigm embedded in the late nineteenth century’s social, psychological, and ideological realities. Unlike classical tragedies such as Oedipus the King or Phaedra, Ghosts replaces divine fate with scientific and social systems—such as heredity, social convention, and internalized beliefs—represented metaphorically as “ghosts.” Through Mrs. Alving, the play highlights the tension between progressive thought and bourgeois morality that constraints the individual. The paper further interprets Oswald’s degeneration as a naturalistic counterpart of tragic fate, where scientific determinism replaces mythic destiny. The study demonstrates that modern tragedy can persist without a heroic downfall in the form of the inescapable conflicts of ordinary life. Conclusively, the lack of a moral resolution and catharsis distinguishes the modern tragic vision of Ibsen rooted in a world defined by naturalism, bourgeois sensibility, and a disillusionment with religion. https://ijels.com/detail/henrik-ibsen-s-ghosts-as-a-modern-tragedy/ Rakshita Nain https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/60IJELS-103202669-Henrik.pdf Within the last decade, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, has been increasingly diagnosed, studied, and treated. Emerging research suggests that the condition is not as rare as once believed; rather, it often remains unrecognized due to overlapping symptoms with other psychiatric disorders. DID is widely understood as a trauma-related condition, frequently associated with severe childhood abuse and conceptualized as a chronic dissociative form of post-traumatic stress disorder. This study examines the etiology, symptomatology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment approaches associated with DID, along with the historical controversies surrounding its classification. Individuals with DID typically exhibit two or more distinct personality states, each with its own memories, behaviors, and identity characteristics, leading to significant disruptions in functioning and continuity of self. Despite challenges in diagnosis, the disorder shows a favourable prognosis when managed through intensive and long-term psychotherapy conducted by experienced clinicians. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of DID and highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis and effective therapeutic interventions. https://ijels.com/detail/studies-on-disorder-of-split-personalities/ Kushal Nandi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/61IJELS-103202637-Studies.pdf In contemporary feminist discourse, the politics of subjugation remains one of the significant concerns in relation to the tribal and slave women who have endure trauma, violence and systematic oppression. This study explore how the female body functions both as a position of subjugation and as a medium of resistance, particularly in Mahasweta Devi’s “Draupadi” and Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Moving from victim centered analysis; the paper relocates these narratives within intersectional, postcolonial and feminist perspective to examine how the ideological institutions such as nation, racial slavery, and patriarch domination groups are attempt to systematically exploits marginalized female bodies. Drawing upon the theories of Judith Butler concept of ‘gender performativity’ and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s terms of ‘subaltern’, the study argues that the function of trauma not only as an evidence of oppression but also a shape of political expression. In Mahasweta Devi’s “Draupadi”, Dopdi Mehjen’s rape and her refusal to cloth herself transforming her vulnerable body into a form of resistance against the authority. Similarly in Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Sethe’s act of infanticide challenging the traditional norms of motherhood and it also reflects the trauma of slavery. Through the comparison of tribal uprising in Indian context with the experience of an enslaved African American mother, this study demonstrates how body is reshaped into a form weapon it personified through which female subjects challenges to patriarchal structure and reconstitutes the structure of oppressive regime of slavery and violence through their bodily act of defiance. https://ijels.com/detail/the-body-as-a-weapon-and-resisting-the-politics-of-patriarchy-rewriting-female-agency-in-draupadi-and-beloved/ Mir Aspak Ali https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/62IJELS-103202663-TheBody.pdf Lauren Oyler’s Fake Accounts (2021) offers a sharp metafictional exploration of digital subjectivity, irony fatigue, and the commodification of authenticity in the age of social media. The unnamed narrator discovers that her boyfriend, Felix, secretly operates a popular conspiracy-theory Instagram account. This revelation triggers a meditation on deception—both interpersonal and epistemic—within a culture dominated by feeds, curated identities, and algorithmic visibility. This paper argues that Fake Accounts stages authenticity as performance. The narrator’s hyper-analytic voice, oscillating between detachment and vulnerability, reflects a generational condition marked by skepticism toward sincerity and exhaustion with ideological spectacle. Social media platforms function as laboratories of self-construction, where political belief, aesthetic identity, and moral stance are constantly curated, revised, and monetized. In this environment, conspiracy thinking and ironic self-awareness coexist uneasily, each feeding on the instability of truth in networked culture. Drawing on theories of postmodern subjectivity and digital self-fashioning from Erving Goffman, Jean Baudrillard, and Sherry Turkle, the study contends that the novel’s fragmented, essayistic structure mirrors the discontinuous temporality of scrolling and posting. The narrator’s relentless commentary functions as both critique and symptom: her refusal of emotional transparency serves as a defense against a world in which exposure is routine and attention is currency. The proliferation of “fake accounts” signals not only literal online deception but the broader condition of mediated identity, where sincerity is suspect and selfhood is perpetually provisional. Ultimately, this paper positions Fake Accounts as a novel of platform modernity, capturing the psychological texture of life lived online. By interrogating the instability of truth, intimacy, and belief in a hyperconnected era, Oyler’s work reveals how digital culture reshapes not only public discourse but the inner architecture of the self. https://ijels.com/detail/performing-authenticity-in-the-age-of-feeds-irony-conspiracy-and-the-fragmented-self-in-lauren-oyler-s-fake-accounts/ Mir Mahammad Ali https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/63IJELS-103202662-Performing.pdf The culinary ambiance of the Tirhut Commissionary creates a complex semiosphere in which Litti Chokha and Ahuna Meat serve as sophisticated sign systems rather than fundamental meals. In North Bihar, food serves as a basic "mythical signifier" for the complexity of geography, agrarian labor, and communal identity. The study applies a structuralist approach, illustrating Yuri Lotman's idea of the semiosphere, defined here as the enclosed cultural space of North Bihar in which meaning is formed through distinct material codes and historical memories. The underlying narratives encoded in the materiality, preparation rituals, and consumption patterns of these regional staples may be decoded as a coherent social language. Litti Chokha is a classic example of a "text of endurance." Its materiality, fire-baked roasted gram flour wrapped in whole wheat, reflects what structuralist theory describes as the conversion of "the raw" into "the cultural" through direct connection with the Gangetic terrain. Its lengthy shelf life and portability have historically served as a symbol for a populace characterized by resistance and mobility, representing a semiotics of resilience. Ahuna Meat from West Champaran, on the other hand, provides a "text of slow-living." Through a protocol of traditional usage, the use of the clay Handi and the slow-infusion process represent a purposeful rejection of industrial haste, maintaining an ancient relationship with the soil and the pastoral traditions of the Vrijjan belt. The analysis uses qualitative textual semiotics and digital ethnography. This method follows the remediation of these culinary cues from local hearths to global social media platforms. By highlighting the transition from "use-value" to "sign-value," the article argues that these food-ways serve as major archives of regional identity. This intervention provides a precise theoretical idea for understanding the survival of hyper-local cultures in a hyper-connected world. It also leads towards a strong model for reading materiality as a story of historical and social persistence. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-cultural-text-of-tirhut-through-the-socio-semiotics-of-litti-chokha-and-ahuna-meat/ Anil Kumar Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/64IJELS-104202622-Exploring.pdf The Western transhumanist narrative often focuses on how technology can overcome biological limitations. However, much of South Asian speculative fiction situates the posthuman subject within a framework of historical trauma, caste-based social hierarchies, and persistent memory. This article analyses the discourses of genetic engineering and biopolitical governance through Priya Sarukkai Chabria’s novel Clone (Zubaan, 2018). The novel takes place in a sterile “Global Community” in the year 2400, where all individuals belong to a clone class system, with Clones produced for labour and organs, yet denied emotions or ancestral pasts. The protagonist of this fictional community is Clone 14/54/G, who uniquely experiences involuntary “visitations” from India’s past that resist the tabula rasa assumption enforced by the state. The analysis draws on theories including N. Katherine Hayles’s conception of embodiment and posthumanity, Giorgio Agamben’s bios/zoë distinction, Achille Mbembe’s theory of necropolitics, and Donna Haraway’s cyborg feminism. The central argument is that Chabria figures the posthuman body as a palimpsest: a surface partially erased, yet retaining its historical residue. Ideas advanced by Suparno Banerjee and Sami Ahmad Khan regarding Indian speculative fiction are also employed to locate Clone within the context of decolonial posthumanist critique. Ultimately, Clone suggests that an ethical posthumanism cannot be grounded solely in technological purification, but must account for the entangled bodies of consciousness, memory, and cultural legacy. https://ijels.com/detail/the-palimpsest-of-the-posthuman-genetic-editing-and-the-persistence-of-memory-in-priya-sarukkai-chabria-s-clone/ Kavinder Bhatt, Dr. L.D. Mishra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/65IJELS-10420266-ThePalimpsest.pdf This paper interrogates the construction of gender category, gender variance and performance context in Bafut and Kom tales from the North West Region of Cameroon. Drawing from field interviews, questionnaire, live performances, and textual analysis, it further examines how gender identities are represented and negotiated in Bafut and Kom oral tales. Anchored on gender theory and cultural criticism, the work demonstrates that gender within these tales is not a fixed biological constant but a performative and culturally mediated category. In both Bafut and Kom societies, orature functions as a social archive that mirrors power relations, cultural values, and contestations of identity. The analysis reveals that while patriarchal structures remain influential, oral tales often provide subtle counter-discourses that elevate women’s roles, question male dominance, and celebrate gender complementarity. Through the fusion of performance, tradition, and social analysis, Bafut and Kom tales emerge as key sites for understanding the dynamics of gender in Bafut and Kom in particular, and transformation in African oral cultures, respectively. https://ijels.com/detail/gender-category-and-gender-variance-in-bafut-and-kom-tales/ Irene Nchang Ngwa, Adamu Pangmeshi, Divine Che Neba https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/66IJELS-103202644-Gender.pdf This paper analyses Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) and The Testaments (2019) to explore how authoritarian regimes weaponise identity through linguistic control, ritualised violence, surveillance, and reproductive coercion. Drawing on feminist theory, Foucauldian biopolitics, trauma studies, and postcolonial critiques, it demonstrates how Gilead reduces women to vessels of demographic utility while erasing personal histories and autonomy. Atwood’s protagonists— Offred, Aunt Lydia, Agnes, and Daisy—expose the cracks within this apparatus, showing how memory, testimony, and storytelling function as forms of survival and resistance. The paper argues that identity under Gilead is not destroyed but reshaped through fracture, silence, and narrative reclamation, affirming the subversive power of language against systemic erasure. https://ijels.com/detail/weaponising-identity-violence-surveillance-and-resistance-in-atwood-s-gilead/ Sukriti Deswal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/67IJELS-103202670-Weaponising.pdf Dominant discourses have often projected disability as a state of corporeal lack or a sentimental spectacle in desperate need of cure or at least, concealment. It is actually founded on certain social dichotomies which try to negate the scope of any enigmatic diversion of the body. The subcontinent’s literary and imaginative archive had frequently framed physical deformities as easy metaphors to exhibit moral frailty, karmic fate or romanticized inspiration, rather than as a lived reality and a political identity. However, recent developments in the field of life writings have paved broader avenues for disabled Indians to portray their unique selfhoods along with sustained attention on issues of infrastructural barriers, attitudinal biases and legal rights. This paper will critically examine two such significant contemporary productions, namely One Little Finger (2011) by Malini Chib and The Other Senses (2012) by Preeti Monga. The authors not only diversify the paradigms of modern, neoliberal lives but also place disability in cultural alignment with other marginalized identities on analogous grounds of vulnerability and dependency- the most crucial being with femininity. They neither euphemistically deny the material pain of disabled people, nor resort to the overly deterministic techniques to represent them as heroic super-crips. This paper will attempt to place the prevalent models of disability studies within the Indian cultural context and assess how the aforesaid narratives navigate through the connected facets between gender and disability, promoting inclusivity and offering revaluation without collapsing into policy pamphlets. https://ijels.com/detail/undoing-discriminations-and-integrating-differences-non-normative-paradigms-of-disabled-women-s-life-writings-in-india/ Diasha Saha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/68IJELS-103202666-Undoing.pdf This article seeks to highlight and elucidate various facets of leadership as manifested by the character of Prince Hal in Henry IV and V, including his ability to speak eloquently and convincingly, and to go to war against his father’s enemy. It seeks to analyze his progress as a king, and how he uses that power to meet the needs of his nation and reveals the complex relationship between power, language, and social authority. The analytical discussion will be conducted within the framework of critical discourse analysis (CDA) to explain how Shakespeare represents this king. Thus, Hal’s evolving persona, political choices, and rhetorical abilities will be focused on using CDA approaches from Fairclough and Van Dijk. https://ijels.com/detail/a-man-for-all-stages-a-critical-discourse-analysis-of-hal-s-leadership-in-henry-iv-part-i-and-henry-v/ Barbara Constance, Shomari Hector https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/69IJELS-103202682-AMan.pdf Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus (1818) by Mary Shelley is considered to be a seminal work in studying the ethical consequences of scientific ambition. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the novel and selected film versions applying posthumanism, bioethics, and AI ethics as analytical tools. It argues that although in Shelley, moral failure is found in the negligent attitude of Victor Frankenstein towards his creature, in the film adaptations, this failure is redefined within the context of the changing technological and cultural realities. The analysis uses close analysis of some of the central scenes in the movie to illustrate how these adaptations change the personal failure in ethics to one that is more societal in nature, like the responsibility of an institution and the independence of the technology. Ultimately, Frankenstein proves to be a prescient ethical exploration that anticipates the modern issues of artificial intelligence and biotechnology. https://ijels.com/detail/scientific-ambition-and-moral-failure-a-comparative-study-of-frankenstein-and-its-film-adaptations/ Manjeeta Gahlout, Shivali Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/70IJELS-103202674-Scientific.pdf Stephen King, often relegated to the category of popular horror, uses the genre to explore profound psychological terrors, particularly those rooted in the domestic sphere. In The Shining (1977) and Misery (1987), King masterfully transforms the traditional sanctuary of the home into a claustrophobic prison, using this physical entrapment to explore the disintegration of the protagonist’s psyche. This paper traces how Annie Wilkes’s house in Misery and the Overlook Hotel in The Shining operate as Gothic domestic prisons, deforming caregiving and family roles, and how the protagonists’ psyches respond to, resist, or finally succumb to these pressures. The House becomes prison, and the psyche becomes the battleground. The architecture, isolation, control, and obsession combine to trap protagonists. The house or the hotel is never neutral: it becomes a character, a force, and a prison. Through the Overlook Hotel and Annie Wilkes’s secluded home, King examines how isolation, external monstrous forces, and internal trauma conspire to dismantle identity, autonomy, and sanity, rendering the familiar home a site of ultimate horror. https://ijels.com/detail/the-architecture-of-madness-domestic-entrapment-and-the-imprisoned-psyche-in-stephen-king-s-the-shining-and-misery/ A Jemimah https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/71IJELS-104202616-TheArchitecture.pdf The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence has significantly transformed contemporary literary production, challenging traditional notions of creativity, authorship, and textual authority. This paper examines the emergence of posthuman authorship through an analysis of Death of an Author, an experimental novella created by Aiden Marchine. The novella is a combination of human imagination and AI-generated text. By situating the work within posthumanist discourse, the study explores how AI-mediated writing disrupts the conventional model of the individual human author and introduces a hybrid form of literary creation in which agency is distributed between human and machine. The title of the novella directly invokes the influential theoretical framework proposed by Roland Barthes, whose concept of the “death of the author” questioned the authority of the author as the ultimate source of textual meaning. In the context of AI-generated literature, this metaphorical death gains a new dimension as algorithmic systems actively participate in the generation of narrative content. Drawing on posthumanist theories developed by scholars such as Rosi Braidotti and N Katherine Hayles, the paper argues that Death of an Author exemplifies a shift toward distributed creativity and collaborative authorship between humans and intelligent machines. Through a critical examination of the text’s production process and narrative structure, the study highlights how AI-assisted writing challenges long-standing assumptions about originality, intentionality, and literary agency. https://ijels.com/detail/beyond-the-death-of-the-author-posthuman-authorship-and-ai-in-death-of-an-author/ Sandeep S S, R Dharani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/72IJELS-10420269-Beyondthe.pdf In traditional literary texts, female characters are often constructed as emotional objects, long relegated to the margins of discursive power and even deprived of the possibility of self-expression. However, Elizabeth Strout, the 2009 Pulitzer Prize winner, in her novel Tell Me Everything, employs a series of intricate narrative strategies that not only break with this deeply ingrained literary convention but also endow women with the right to speak and discursive subjectivity. Through the orchestration of authorial narrative voice, the use of narrative gaps created by un-narrated events, and unconventional character portrayals, Strout constructs a narrative space where men and women engage in equal dialogue and coexist harmoniously. This paper attempts to analyze Strout’s narrative techniques in this work from the theoretical perspective of feminist narratology, exploring how she conveys a profound feminine consciousness through formal innovation, and thereby revealing the reconstruction and reflection on gender order embedded within the text. https://ijels.com/detail/feminist-narratology-in-elizabeth-strout-s-tell-me-everthing/ Wang Wei, Ma Chaofan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/73IJELS-10420267-Feminist.pdf The Holocaust terrors perpetuated pain across generations as the second generation victims were traumatized by their parents’ sufferings under the Nazi occupation. The memories of the Holocaust pervaded in the domestic spheres of the victims, triggering emotional outbursts and affected personal temperament. The memories inherited by the generational victims haunted their psychic spheres, resulting in abnormal personality and affected interpersonal and social relationships. The descendants encountered troubles in their domestic spaces as their tormented parents overburdened them to act as emotional shield to counter the continued agonies. The Holocaust memoir, Children of the Holocaust: Conversations with Sons and Daughters of Survivors, recorded the Holocaust horrors agonizing the second generation victims, induced by the inherited memory accounts of the Holocaust horrors. https://ijels.com/detail/appropriating-and-inheriting-trauma-a-second-generation-holocaust-survivors-perspective-in-helen-epstein-s-children-of-the-holocaust-conversations-with-sons-and-daughters-of-survivors/ A. Sugashini, D. Laura Dameris Chellajothi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/74IJELS-104202612-Appropriating.pdf In a university library, the main strength lies in the information products and services they provide to satisfy the information needs of their user community. For marketing, it is an essential component for libraries to promote their products and services and to apply marketing strategies in the library context to better utilise information resources and services. The main purpose of this study is to examine the significant role of marketing in library products and services and to explore the various marketing strategies libraries use to promote their offerings. and to check Social media help the libraries in promotion of product and services and building a strong relationship with user and increase the awareness about the library resources and services among the users community, and finally suggest that Users centred marketing strategies need to apply for the better understanding about users need, behaviour; Marketing concept, tool and techniques are helpful to maintain the relationship with the user and help the libraries to improve their overall image. https://ijels.com/detail/marketing-of-library-products-and-information-services-a-review-of-literature/ Sheetal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/75IJELS-104202649-Marketing.pdf The article presents a comprehensive analysis of attention retention mechanisms and audience engagement enhancement in short news videos within algorithmic short-video platforms. The study is based on the systematization of cognitive mechanisms of media consumption, the comparison of audiovisual characteristics of video content, and the interpretation of motivational factors influencing user interaction with news materials. The analysis shows that attention retention in short-video platform environments is formed through the combination of perceptual flow states, the architecture of algorithmic feeds, and the characteristics of the initial phase of user interaction with video content. It is established that audience engagement is determined both by the content of the news message and by the parameters of media presentation, including sensory characteristics of image and sound, the dynamics of visual storytelling, and emotional strategies of information presentation. Special attention is given to motivational mechanisms of news sharing in social networks, where user activity becomes an important element of the secondary circulation of media content and the expansion of information reach. It is shown that the effectiveness of short news videos emerges as a result of the interaction between cognitive mechanisms of attention retention, structural characteristics of video materials, and social motivations of user behavior. The practical significance of the results lies in their potential application in the development and adaptation of news video content for short-video platforms, as well as in the formation of editorial strategies for media companies operating in algorithmic media environments. The study demonstrates that attention retention and audience engagement in short news videos should be considered as an interconnected system of cognitive, media-production, and social factors. https://ijels.com/detail/attention-retention-and-engagement-enhancement-techniques-in-short-news-videos/ Vitalii Hontar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/76IJELS-104202640-Attention.pdf This article reinterprets John Keats’s concept of Negative Capability as an ethical as well as poetic response to epistemic uncertainty within Romantic poetics. Moving beyond readings that treat the concept as merely aesthetic tolerance for ambiguity, the study argues that Keats articulates a disciplined form of epistemological humility grounded in sustained openness to doubt, alterity, and experiential complexity. Drawing on moral philosophy, cognitive literary theory, and contemporary ethical discourse, the paper situates Keats’s letters and major odes as sites where poetic indeterminacy becomes an ethical practice of attentive engagement rather than evasive irresolution. Through close readings of Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn, and Lamia, the analysis demonstrates how the suspension of premature certainty fosters imaginative responsibility and resists reductive modes of knowing. By positioning Negative Capability as an ethics of uncertainty, the article bridges Romantic literary studies with current debates in moral epistemology and the philosophy of literature, proposing Keatsian poetics as a continuing resource for thinking ethically within conditions of ambiguity. https://ijels.com/detail/negative-capability-and-the-ethics-of-uncertainty-in-keatsian-poetics/ Mehraj Hussain Para https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/77IJELS-104202623-Negative.pdf This paper undertakes a comprehensive study of Rabindranath Tagore’s seminal novel Gora (1910), examining its multilayered engagement with nationalism, self-discovery, and cultural identity within the turbulent social and political background of colonial Bengal. By way of introduction, the paper situates Gora within Tagore’s broader literary project and the socio-historical currents of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A close reading of the plot of Gora reveals how the eponymous protagonist’s fervent Hindu nationalism gradually gives way to a universal humanist vision, catalysed by the revelation of his Irish birth. The paper pays particular attention to Binoy, whose sustained protests against the bonds of society illuminate the novel’s critique of rigid orthodoxy and the emancipatory possibilities of reason and personal freedom. Through an analysis of key characters and narrative episodes, the paper demonstrates how Tagore interrogates the nature of nationalism, arguing that authentic patriotism must be grounded in freedom of conscience rather than exclusionary identity. The thematic axis of self-discovery runs through the novel as characters negotiate the competing demands of tradition and modernity. The discussion situates these concerns within contemporary relevance, showing how Gora’s interrogations of communal identity, religious dogma, and political belonging resonate deeply with present-day discourses on pluralism and citizenship in South Asia and beyond. The paper concludes with recommendations for further scholarly engagement with Tagore’s humanist legacy. https://ijels.com/detail/rabindranath-tagore-s-gora-reflecting-india-s-political-social-and-cultural-life/ Dr Divya Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/78IJELS-104202624-Rabindranath.pdf This paper focuses on Female Masculinity with reference to Judith Halberstam’s Female Masculinity. The term ‘Masculinity’ refers to the behaviours of men i.e. manhood or manliness. Female masculinity focuses on women who behave with the qualities, which are identified with men in the society. It is called gender transgression. They expose themselves as males in both physically and mentally. Queer theory is a closer examination for gender identity. The societal viewpoint of masculinity is power and entitlement. In terms of female masculinity, their behaviour, attitude, dressing are similar to men. Many professions have no gender for instance teachers, doctors, engineers etc. and nowadays it extends to drivers, technicians, body builders, wrestlers, boxers and so on. The emotional connection towards the masculinity in feminine body is celebrated in this work. So this article explores on the theory of gender studies as well as the equality of gender in terms of law. https://ijels.com/detail/exploration-of-gender-identity-and-equity-in-judith-halberstam-s-female-masculinity/ Dr. B.V. Abirami, R. Aakash Raj https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/79IJELS-104202628-Exploration.pdf The present paper aims to elucidate the notion of freedom in Sartrean ethics. Jean-Paul Sartre is as much a philosopher as a novelist, a rare synthesis of philosophy and literature that, otherwise, are said to be two different disciplines. In this regard. He is closer to Jacques Derrida, who sought to bring about a play and thereby refused to privilege one discipline over the other, and Matthew Arnold, in his essay, The Function of Criticism at the Present Times, said that literary genius does not principally show itself in new ideas, that is, rather the business of a philosopher. It is because Sartre's existential psychoanalysis reveals to him that values are not written in things, but created by man. Nausea is a story of Antoine Roquentin, a French writer who is frightened at his own existence: viscous, slimy, to be precise. The novel is an impressionistic diary wherein he records date-wise details of his confrontation with the nausea of the time, which, having corrupted him, is now at the receiving end, as Roquentin spreads it further. Thus, by fusing the philosopher and the artist in him, Sartre paved the way for the moral agent to be born, the being by whom values exist (Sartre's italics). That is why he aligns existentialism with humanism. It is in this context that we can appreciate his freedom of nausea as an expression of self-loathing. Sartre seems to ask why man should not resist being sucked up by the slimy, i.e., the world. https://ijels.com/detail/freedom-from-nausea-an-existential-reading-of-nausea-in-sartrean-ethics/ Dr. Savita Rani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/80IJELS-104202638-Freedom.pdf This paper argues that literary meaning is not a static property embedded within a text but a dynamic event that unfolds at the volatile intersection of translation, readership, and authorship. It frames interpretation as a hermeneutic wager, positing that the perceived instabilities within these domains are not deficiencies but the very conditions that grant a text its enduring vitality. The inquiry is threefold. The first section analyses translation as a secondary authorial act, using the manifold translations of the Ramayana and the King James Bible to illustrate how cultural and ideological choices create new literary works. The second section employs reader-response theory, using The Little Prince as a case study to demonstrate how a text functions as a hermeneutic mirror, reflecting the reader’s evolving consciousness. The final section reframes the debate on authorial intent through Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of the polyphonic novel, arguing that authors like Dostoevsky perform an intentional abdication of monologic authority. The paper concludes that literature lives not despite its ambiguities and instabilities, but because of them, perpetually renewed by the interpretive gamble. https://ijels.com/detail/a-gamble-on-meaning-how-translation-readership-and-authorship-shape-the-living-text/ Ayushi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/81IJELS-104202627-AGamble.pdf This paper aims to explore how the idea of disability has been historically constructed, structured and concretized throughout history through myths, cultural practices and literary narratives and how in the contemporary era the notion of disability is questioned, interpreted and somewhat reinterpreted. Rather than understanding disability as merely a biological or medical condition, Disability Studies reinforces that societies actively produce meanings around bodily difference. This study takes the texts from ancient to postmodern works chronologically as its main reference. The main framework of the study is portrayed by The Disability Studies by Ed Robert and Irving Kenneth Zola along with the theory of Ideological State Apparatus by Louis Althusser and Michael Foucault’s idea of biopower. https://ijels.com/detail/from-deformity-to-diversity-the-evolution-of-disability-narratives/ Satadipa Chatterjee, Vishal Chakraborty, Debarpita Marik https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/82IJELS-104202632-From.pdf This paper examines White Nights by Fyodor Dostoevsky through an existentialist framework, focusing on isolation, meaninglessness, and the fragile construction of human connection. The unnamed Dreamer, who exists on the margins of social life, embodies a form of existential alienation shaped by his retreat into imagination and his inability to engage with reality. His brief but emotionally intense relationship with Nastenka becomes a crucial site for examining the possibility of meaning within an otherwise indifferent world. While the Dreamer interprets love as an idealized, self-contained experience, the novella exposes the limitations of such a perspective by revealing its roots in passivity and emotional detachment. In contrast, Nastenka’s eventual movement toward a real and reciprocal relationship highlights the importance of action and lived experience in overcoming isolation. The paper argues that the text challenges the romanticization of unrequited love and presents meaning as ephemeral, contingent upon authentic engagement rather than fantasy. Ultimately, White Nights suggests that although moments of connection may be transient, they remain central to the human effort to create meaning in an uncertain existence. https://ijels.com/detail/an-existential-study-of-isolation-unrequited-love-and-the-search-for-meaning-in-white-nights/ Resmi S R https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/83IJELS-104202636-AnExistential.pdf A close reading of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, highlighting the motif of the "forsaken garden" at the Central Station, reveals the novella as a dynamic archive of plantation logic and racial capitalism. While many ecocritical interpretations depict the Congo as an untamed wilderness, this study foregrounds cultivated spaces that are rendered sterile and deadly. Drawing on Cedric Robinson, Katherine McKittrick, and Jason W. Moore, this article argues that colonial cultivation was not just a historical phenomenon but an enduring socio-ecological logic of expendability—one that renders both land and labor disposable. Conrad’s horticultural imagery—especially the withered garden and the adjacent grove of the dead, vividly illustrates what Rob Nixon calls slow violence: harm that builds up time and space. The novella’s silence on rubber harvesting, contrasted with the Casement Report, positions ivory as an ideological stand-in for rubber. Conrad’s use of fog, impressionistic description, and atmospheric uncertainty generates an aesthetics of whiteness—affective strategies that obscure the brutality of racial and environmental violence. By bringing the abandoned garden to the forefront, Heart of Darkness stands out as a literary record of plantation dynamics—a structure that continues to shape the contemporary climate crisis and racial injustice. https://ijels.com/detail/the-forsaken-garden-racial-capitalism-and-the-ecological-violence-of-plantation-logic-in-conrad-s-heart-of-darkness/ Md. Jakir Hossain, Sabrina Afroz Chowdhury https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/84IJELS-101202699-The Forsaken.pdf This study adopts a mixed-methods approach to investigate pronunciation teaching beliefs, instructional practices, and their internal mechanism among 131 EFL teachers in rural primary schools of Nanning. Results reveal that teachers hold positive beliefs about the foundational role of pronunciation but demonstrate narrow cognition focusing on segmental features and exam-oriented goals. Their teaching practices are characterized by mechanical drills, fragmented content, and insufficient feedback, showing a clear belief-practice gap. Structural equation analysis indicates that teaching beliefs positively predict practices, with self-efficacy playing a full mediating role. The disconnection is affected by professional competence, dialect interference, resource shortage, and exam pressure. These findings enrich the understanding of rural EFL teachers’ pronunciation instruction and provide implications for rural English teacher development. https://ijels.com/detail/efl-teachers-beliefs-and-instructional-practice-of-english-pronunciation-at-rural-primary-schools/ Zhang Yu, Mohamad Jafre Bin Zainol Abidin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/85IJELS-104202626-EFL.pdf In J. M. Coetzee’s novel The Pole, the portrayal of the protagonist Witold as a Polish pianist specializing in Chopin’s works underscores the central role of music in the text. Music is used in the novel as a medium whereby Witold faces the fear of growing old and dying, as well as a tool of reaction to the marginalization of the cultural identity in the environment of exile. Finally, it is a protest against commodification of art in consumerist systems, an aesthetic protest. The aesthetic tension that Witold attributes to the music of Chopin as an externalization of his own will, is the counter-mainstream aesthetic of Said’s “late style”. It shows his attempt to restore national memory by way of music, and the obdurate tradition of the artistic subject in the culture industry which Adorno criticizes. Music in the novel serves both as a mode of experience of duration in time, a process of expressing cultural identity, and an exercise of maintaining artistic dignity. The three dimensions are interwoven to develop a multilayered form of resistance. https://ijels.com/detail/the-trio-of-resistance-on-the-musical-writing-in-coetzee-s-the-pole/ Yanlin Long https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/86IJELS-104202653-The.pdf Constrained by multiple factors such as the examination-oriented education orientation, unbalanced distribution of educational resources, and limitations in teachers' professional capabilities, English pronunciation teaching in rural primary schools in China has long been trapped in a development bottleneck. Taking 10 EFL teachers from rural primary schools in 5 counties of Nanning as the research objects, this study adopted a qualitative research method combining non-participatory classroom observation, in-depth semi-structured interviews and grounded theory to systematically explore the practical status quo, core problems and deep-seated dilemmas of English pronunciation teaching in rural primary schools. Through a three-level analysis process of open coding, axial coding and selective coding, the core category of systematic dilemmas in English pronunciation teaching in rural primary schools was extracted, and its closed-loop cycle mechanism formed by the mutual nesting and dynamic reinforcement of three secondary categories, teachers' development dilemmas, English pronunciation teaching dilemmas and educational ecology dilemmas, was revealed. Insufficient professional capabilities of teachers lead to inefficient teaching implementation, which further weakens the willingness of external environmental support and ultimately exacerbates the lag in teachers' development. The study found that the pronunciation classrooms of EFL teachers in rural primary schools in Nanning generally present a rigid model of teacher-led plus mechanical drilling, and problems such as the lack of suprasegmental feature teaching, the scarcity of effective feedback mechanisms, and the insufficient response to the negative transfer of mother tongue among ethnic minority students are particularly prominent. https://ijels.com/detail/systematic-dilemmas-in-english-pronunciation-teaching-in-rural-primary-schools-in-china-a-grounded-theory-study-of-nanning/ Zhang Yu, Mohamad Jafre Bin Zainol Abidin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/87IJELS-104202625-Systematic.pdf This paper collects the English translation texts of the AAA game Black Myth: Wukong and classifies them according to different elements of Chinese traditional culture. It analyzes the translation strategies for various cultural elements and discusses how to correctly and effectively address issues such as cultural differences, language barriers, and cultural misunderstandings. Meanwhile, we collect official data on Black Myth: Wukong from both domestic and international sources to evaluate the effect and influence of Chinese culture's overseas dissemination. https://ijels.com/detail/translation-strategies-of-black-myth-wukong-and-the-overseas-dissemination-of-chinese-culture/ Chen Xiaorong, Zhang Xiaohuizi, Zhao Min https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/88IJELS-104202659-Translation.pdf Asian Futurism is an emergent intellectual and creative movement that reconfigures the futuristic imagination through the lens of Asian histories, mythologies, and contemporary realities. As a critical response to the Western-dominated visions of the future, Asian Futurism provides a platform for alternative narratives rooted in decolonial, techno-spiritual, and socio-political paradigms. This article explores the contours of Asian Futurism with a specific focus on India, examining the works of Indian authors like Samit Basu and Manjula Padmanabhan’s works, like- Turbulence, Resistance, The City Inside, Harvest and Escape, respectively. All works embody Asian futurism by critiquing societal inequalities in dystopian futures rooted in Indian culture. Their speculative fictions critically engage with the themes of identity, technology, power, and resistance completely resonate with the theme. Indian authors reinterpret local traditions and futuristic technologies to narrate a uniquely Indian future, offering resistance to Western hegemony in global science. Asian futurism is a cultural movement envisioning futures through Asian lenses, often challenging Western narratives, with Indian literature contributing through speculative fiction. https://ijels.com/detail/reimagining-the-future-asian-futurism-and-its-resonance-in-india-with-special-reference-to-samit-basu-and-manjula-padmanabhan/ Mr. Rabichandan Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/89IJELS-104202664-Reimagining.pdf Akira Kurosawa's Throne of Blood has firmly established its place as one of the finest adaptations of Shakespeare's Macbeth. Enthralling cinema enthusiasts since its release in 1957, this cinematic adaptation has been extensively analyzed and reviewed. The paper titled "In Nature We Trust: Reading the Atmospherics of Throne of Blood " attempts to read the ways in which Nature warns man of unchecked and reckless ambition. Artistic originality notwithstanding, Throne of Blood is a testament to aesthetic cinematography. The paper traces the symbolic and stark appearances of birds, beasts and bois. Nature in Throne of Blood is dark, eerie and mysterious. Yet, it never fails to warn man of his flaws. The paper will attempt to read the many chances Nature offers Washizu for reflection and redemption in his all-consuming desire for power that ultimately destroys him. The paper seeks to highlight that Nature in this cinematic adaptation is not just a backdrop or a symbolic force but it tries and falls short of being the guardian spirit of man. https://ijels.com/detail/in-nature-we-trust-reading-the-atmospherics-of-throne-of-blood/ Dr. Sruti Ramachandran https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/90IJELS-104202645-InNature.pdf This paper explores the very recent transition of English language teaching at secondary level in Bangladesh. Bangladesh adopted Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) to implement it from primary to higher secondary level. However, while implementing learner-centred curriculum, a mixed attitude was observed among learners, teachers, guardians, educational thinkers, and administrators. For this, the present study aims to investigate the classroom experiences of the English teachers and also to evaluate the findings objectively and recommend effective ways to develop communicative competence of the learners at the secondary level. The study employed quantitative research method and the sample was 10 English teachers. The data is analysed through Likerts’ scale and the major findings show that teachers face several difficulties during the CBC implementation. They do not deny the learner-centred curriculum but they frankly expressed the limitations of resources, need for training and administrative support. The study recommends that there should be proper administrative support, regular monitoring and teachers’ training in order to develop communicative competence of the learners. There should be proper utilization of digital tools in English language classroom at secondary level. https://ijels.com/detail/teachers-perception-towards-competency-based-curriculum-a-study-at-the-secondary-level/ Raihana Akter https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/91IJELS-104202643-Teachers.pdf The Escapist is the last English novel written by Manoj Das a bilingual writer of Odisha. The novel records the life journey of the protagonist Padmalochan Pramanik who accidently is compelled to play as a swami. Ranjita Devi the wife of Jayant Thakore, a contractor, mistook him a swami and Padmalochan decides to play along. Living at her house he meets her daughter Sushobhana (Sushie). In the novel the character of Sushie though appears fragile but she displays a spiritual strength that mesmerises the protagonist and leads him to the path of true salvation. Thus she appears more strong character than the protagonist himself. Another strong female character of the novel is of Ranjita Devi. But contrary to Sushie’s inner strength she is shown outwardly powerful. Both the female characters leave a lasting impression. https://ijels.com/detail/women-s-quest-of-self-leading-to-spiritual-empowerment-in-the-escapist-of-manoj-das/ Rekha, Dr. Jaba Kusum Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/92IJELS-104202647-Women.pdf One major target of critique in Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is the culture of American patriotism in the 1960s, shaped by wartime exigencies with great factionalism and antagonism. Through the figures of Yossarian, Snowden, and Milo, Heller exposed patriotism not as a noble ideal but as a tool of exploitation that confines and victimizes individuals within institutionalized illogic. The disillusionment of patriotism arises when attaching soldiers’ deaths to a greater –yet often hollow –political purpose, as in Snowden’s case. Additionally, Milo and his syndicate further exemplify the manipulation of war and patriotism, as the logic of gaining the greatest profit subsumes and commodifies ostensibly moral values, even capable of producing a humanitarian catastrophe. Heller’s portrayal of patriotism as both a moral and economic construct critiques the disjunction between the idealized notions of national loyalty and its practical deployment to perpetuate systems of abuse of power, violence, and greed. By dismantling the presumed sanctity of patriotism, Catch-22 ultimately demonstrates how such constructed virtues can reduce individuals to expendable matter, coerce subjects into complicity or resistance, and naïve-yet-horrifying opportunism, thereby exposing the pervasive force of institutionalized illogic over human life and moral agency. https://ijels.com/detail/exposing-institutionalized-illogic-rejection-and-manipulation-of-patriotism-in-joseph-heller-s-catch-22/ Shuangning Lyu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/93IJELS-104202654-Exposing.pdf This paper explores the relationship between Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and Permanent Record by Edward Snowden, focusing on what Snowden calls the “Frankenstein effect”, the unintended and often harmful consequences of technological innovation. By bringing together Shelley’s early warning about the dangers of unchecked scientific ambition and Snowden’s account of modern surveillance systems, the paper argues that today’s intelligence structures repeat the same ethical failures: they create systems without taking responsibility for them, operate at a distance that weakens empathy, and exercise power without sufficient accountability. It further suggests that the shift from human intelligence (HUMINT), which involves direct human interaction, to signals intelligence (SIGINT), which relies on remote data collection, does not mark ethical progress. Instead, it expands forms of power that are increasingly detached from moral responsibility. Ultimately, the paper argues that as technology creates greater distance between action and consequence, it erodes what can be understood as “moral proximity,” making ethical judgment more difficult in the digital age. https://ijels.com/detail/the-frankenstein-effect-and-modern-intelligence-technology-ethics-and-the-loss-of-moral-proximity/ Anil Kumar Parhi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/94IJELS-104202641-The.pdf With an emphasis on African American identity, themes of migration, and cultural interactions, the presented research analyzes the free verse poetry of African American Amanda Gorman in the context of ‘African diaspora’ concept. The selected poems also covered poets who lived outside or in their home continent, Africa. This research is significant because, instead of focusing just on marginalization and feminism, it illuminates an axis that was overlooked in discussion of Gorman's poems: the African Diaspora. The goal of the presented study is to highlight the importance and effects of moving from one environment to another, which requires patience, fortitude and patience to complete life's journey while keeping in mind the mother environment's origins. The research examines how Gorman's chosen poems engage with communal trauma, social divisions, and the lingering effects of institutional racism while promoting unity and optimism using an analytical and qualitative methodology. The new analysis indicates that Gorman is a well-liked poet of African diaspora, not merely of feminism, marginalization, and race as previously explored. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-immigration-related-racial-trauma-and-social-divisions-in-the-african-american-free-verse/ Nibras Nihad Kamal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/95IJELS-104202655-AStudy.pdf This paper examines the notions of moral fortitude and transformative hope in the diaries and letters of Etty Hillesum, a young Jewish writer who lived through the Holocaust. Drawing on Jonathan Lear’s concept of “radical hope,” understood as a commitment to goodness beyond present comprehension, the study situates Hillesum’s writings within an ethical framework shaped by crisis and cultural devastation. Rather than interpreting her optimism as naïve or escapist, the paper argues that Hillesum’s response to suffering embodies a conscious, ethically grounded resilience that aligns with an expanded Aristotelian understanding of courage. By distinguishing between mere optimism and ethically rooted hope, the study shows that Hillesum’s outlook exemplifies what Lear terms “radical hope”, a forward-looking openness to meaning when conventional frameworks collapse. The paper positions Hillesum as a moral witness whose writings offer profound insights into human dignity, ethical responsibility, and the possibility of sustaining meaning under extreme conditions. Her diaries emerge not only as historical testimony but also as philosophical texts that redefine courage and hope in the context of modern catastrophe. https://ijels.com/detail/witnessing-with-courage-radical-hope-in-etty-hillesum-s-diaries/ Dr. Angeline Sorna, Dr. U. Anamica https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/96IJELS-104202621-Witnessing.pdf Motherhood has continually been contextualized in the cultural discourse as the place of purity, sacrifice and emotional abundance. These idealizations, nevertheless, tend to mask material and ideological ways in which the maternal identities are manufactured, disciplined and consumed. This article presents a revisionist feminist interpretation of the story of Breast-Giver by Mahasweta Devi that the text challenges the sacrificialized notion of motherhood by revealing its intimate alignment with labor, stratification of classes, as well as paternalism. Although the previous academic research on the story has been productive in terms of discussing not only subalternity but also female misery and the exploitative nature of the body, it has failed to consider enough the aspects of lactation as an extractive labor or motherhood as an ideological framework by the dependence of the economy. Methodologically, the research takes a qualitative, textual and theoretical form that is premised on revisionist feminism, feminist materialism, postcolonial criticism, intersectionality, and womanist intuition. The paper reveals how the maternal body is turned into a place of use-value, biology capacity redefined as a social and economic activity through a close analysis of Jashoda as a wet nurse. The physical aging and ultimate desertion of Jashoda is a gradual process that discloses the expendable nature of the system of mythifying motherhood but forecheseeably overloading women who give birth to babies. The pivotal contribution of the paper is to rebrand Breast-Giver as a rethinking of sacred motherhood. It suggests that Devi does not just depict the ailing mamma; it questions the social and political framework that transforms the motherhood nurturing into marketable commodities. Through this the study will contribute to existing arguments on reproductive labor, feminine embodiment, as well as politics of care in the postcolonial and global feminist debate. https://ijels.com/detail/commodified-motherhood-and-the-politics-of-the-female-body-a-revisionist-reading-of-mahasweta-devi-s-breast-giver/ Krittika Das, Dr Koyel Chanda https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/97IJELS-104202646-Commodified.pdf Canadian writers have produced a variety of genres. Influences on Canadian writings are broad, both geographically and historically. Criticism of Canadian literature has focused on its nationalistic and regional themes, although this is only a small portion of Canadian literary criticism. Margaret Eleanor Atwood, born in November 18, 1939 is a Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic, essayist, and environmental activist. She is a winner of the Arthur C. Clarke Award and Prince of Asturias Award for Literature, has been shortlisted for the Booker Prize five times, winning once, and has been a finalist for the Governor General’s Award several times, winning twice. In 2001, she was inducted into Canada’s Walk of Fame. Margaret Atwood’s rendered her excellent play Hag-Seed in 2016 to Hogarth Shakespeare publications. It is a novel that takes Shakespeare’s play of enchantment, retribution, and second chances leads us on an interactive, illusion ridden journey with new surprises and wonders of its own. No study of The Tempest would be complete without some knowledge of its life on the stage in a historical perspective since, among other reasons, the stage history runs almost parallel with the critical history of the play and is therefore instructive in many ways. Moreover, criticism and stage presentation are complementary to each other. In the absence of directly inherited traditions from Shakespeare’s day, the theatre has often learnt from criticism and, conversely, no critical insight would be of much value unless it could be realized in the theatre. The earliest recorded performance of the play was at the court: “a play called The Tempest” was presented there in November 1611. Again, it was a part of the festivities organized in honour of the betrothal and marriage of Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I, during the winter of 1612-1613. https://ijels.com/detail/from-the-tempest-to-hag-seed-the-rise-of-caliban-in-postcolonial-criticism/ S. Bavithra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/98IJELS-104202658-From.pdf